‎Let Γa be a graph whose each vertex is colored either white or black‎. ‎If u is a black vertex of Γ such that exactly one neighbor‎ ‎v of u is white‎, ‎then u changes the color of v to black‎. ‎A zero forcing set for a Γ graph is a subset of vertices Zsubseteq V(Γ) such that‎ if initially the vertices in Z are colored black and the remaining vertices are colored white‎, ‎then Z changes the col...

A three-dimensional climate model was used to perform 25 simulations over the last millennium, which are driven by the main natural and anthropogenic forcing. The results are compared to available reconstructions in order to evaluate the relative contribution of internal and forced variability during this period. At hemispheric and nearly hemispheric scale, the impact of the forcing is clear in...

The characteristics of glacial oscillations changed drastically 0:8Ma ago, at the ‘‘mid-Pleistocene transition’’. During the past 0.8Ma the 100kyr glacial–interglacial oscillations were strongly asymmetric (i.e., long glacial intervals of growth followed by rapid intervals of deglaciation). The 40 kyr oscillations prior to the mid-Pleistocene transition were of a smaller amplitude and lessasymm...

Understanding the transport and deposition of cosmogenic isotope 10 Be is vital for application data to infer past changes solar activity, reconstruct Earth’s magnetic field intensity climate change. Here, we use from Greenland ice cores, namely NEEM GRIP identify factors controlling its distribution. After removing effects geomagnetic on radionuclide production rate, results expose imprints 20...

This study presents the regional estimates of the seasonal and diurnal mean broadband (0.3–5.0 mm) clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere (TOA) due to both the natural and the anthropogenic aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean from 258N to 258S. We propose two new methods, the slope method and the differencing method, to obtain clear sky aerosol forcing from solely sate...

Much research has suggested that facial identification has some characteristics of automaticity, in that it is rapid, nonconscious, and mandatory. However, little research has tested whether it can occur even if attention is already devoted to the demanding central processes of another task. In the present study, we addressed this type of automaticity using the psychological refractory period p...

For d ≥ 2, we construct a doubling measure ν on Rd and a rectifiable curve Γ such that ν(Γ) > 0.