For several decades the murine experimental model of Leishmania infection has been invaluable in deciphering events occurring during the innate immune response and those involved in the differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells. Initially, most studies inoculated mice subcutaneously into the hind footpad with a high dose of stationary phase parasites (1 to 3 × 106). In recent years, new protocols ...

Keratin 16 (K16) is a cytoskeletal scaffolding protein highly expressed at pressure-bearing sites of the mammalian footpad. It can be induced in hyperproliferative states such as wound healing, inflammation and cancer. Here we show that the inactive rhomboid protease RHBDF2 (iRHOM2) regulates thickening of the footpad epidermis through its interaction with K16. K16 expression is absent in the t...

Footpad dermatitis and hockburn are serious welfare and economic issues for the production of broiler (meat) chickens. The authors here describe the use of an inexpensive camera system that monitors the movements of broiler flocks throughout their lives and suggest that it is possible to predict, even in young birds, the cross-sectional prevalence at slaughter of footpad dermatitis and hockburn...

Based on experiments showing immunomodulatory effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.), we sought to see whether Allium hirtifolim Boiss., belonging to the same genus of garlic, has any effect on immune responses. Hydroalcoholic extract and polyphenolic fraction of A. hirtifolium bulbs were prepared. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), a biologically active component, was identified in plant bulbs...

Based on experiments showing immunomodulatory effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.), we sought to see whether Allium hirtifolim Boiss., belonging to the same genus of garlic, has any effect on immune responses. Hydroalcoholic extract and polyphenolic fraction of A. hirtifolium bulbs were prepared. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), a biologically active component, was identified in plant bulbs...

The effect of Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on the growth of an adenocarcinoma of the lung induced in a Syrian hamster was evaluated. It inhibited intradermal growth of the tumor when the tumor cells were mixed with high doses of BCG prior to intradermal injection. The development of lung metastasis after excision of the primary intradermal tumor was inhibited by BCG at doses 100 times lower t...

Duck meat is recognized as a healthier poultry product that contains higher amounts of unsaturated and essential fatty acids, iron, excellent protein. It has been found to possess the ability reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol subsequently, blood pressure in human body; improve immunity system. The current study investigated appropriate bedding depths rice hulls preferred material by ev...

BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major is an important public health problem in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of microwave and or infrared radiation in the treatment of lesion induced in BALB/c mice by L. major inoculation. METHODS The footpad lesion was induced in BALB/c mice by inoculation of L. major promastigotes subcutaneously. ...

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 325 3 JULY 2009 5 COVER The Phoenix spacecraft on the martian polar plains (68°N latitude). The footpad at the bottom is about 1 meter below the spacecraft deck seen at the lower left. Overlaid images are trenches dug to either nearly pure water ice or ice-cemented soil. Analyses of samples taken from these trenches give clues to the history of the region. Results...

Cross-protective ability against the challenge of different strains of culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis was investigated. Immunization with CF from various smooth strains with the exception of strain 3551 which is a rough strain of S. enteritidis induced protective immunity against challenge with strains 2547 and 116M. However, when strains 2822, 3551 and 3975 were use...