An overview of commercially used flame retardants is give. The most used flame retardants are illustrated and the seven major markets, which use 96% of all flame-retarded polymers, are described. Annual flame retardant growth rate for each major market is also projected. Toxicity data are reviewed on only those compositions that are considered commercially significant today. This includes 18 co...

The effects of H2 enrichment on the propagation of laminar CH4–air triple flames in axisymmetric coflowing jets are numerically investigated. A comprehensive, time-dependent computational model, which employs a detailed description of chemistry and transport, is used to simulate the transient ignition and flame propagation phenomena. Flames are ignited in a jet-mixing layer far downstream of th...

In gas explosions, the unsteady coupling of the propagating flame and the flow field induced by the presence of blockages along the flame path produces vortices of different scales ahead of the flame front. The resulting flame/vortex interaction intensifies the rate of flame propagation and the pressure rise. In this paper, a joint numerical and experimental study of unsteady premixed flame pro...

Combustion instability is a process which involves unsteady chemical kinetic, fluid mechanic, and acoustic processes. It can lead to unstable behavior and be detrimental in ways ranging from faster part fatigue to catastrophic system failure. In terms of combustion methodology, combustion instability has been a key issue for lean premixed combustion. The primary objective of this work is to imp...

This work focuses upon the effects of DC electric fields on the stability of downward propagating atmospheric pressure premixed propane–air flames under experimental conditions that provide close coupling of the electric field to the flame. With the appropriate electrode geometry, modest applied voltages are shown to drive a stable conical flame first into a wrinkled-laminar flamelet geometry, ...

Turbulent-flame speeds in methane–air mixtures were measured in a Taylor–Couette apparatus with counter-rotating cylinders, used to generate turbulence that is nearly homogeneous and isotropic over many integral length and time scales. While laminar-flame propagation is found to be influenced by the Darrieus– Landau instability and heat loss to the walls of the apparatus, turbulent-flame propag...

Dynamics of outwardly-propagating reaction fronts inspires both fundamental and practical interests. While for the former we can mention in pass supernovae explosions and measurements of laminar flame speeds of reactive mixtures, the latter is relevant to the operation of engines and prevention of spark-initiated hazards such as accidental or intentional explosions. While a pointy-ignited, expa...

In an opposed-jet diffusion flame experiment, under certain conditions, after the extinction of the diffusion flame, an edge flame can be obtained. This ring-shaped edge flame was first reported in 1959 by Potter and Butler but received little attention. It was reported again recently in a numerical and an experimental work and is responsible for an interesting transition between two distinct b...

This work reports the use of non-traditional fillers as flame retardants in polyester resin composites. Studies have been carried out to evaluate the fire-retardant properties of non-traditional fillers viz. hydroxyapatite, zinc borate and fly ash in combination with traditional fire retardant filler antimony trioxide, in prepolymer polyester resin composite system. Polyester resin was synthesi...

fe3o4 nanostructures were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal reaction. the effect of various surfactants such as cationic and anionic on the morphology of the product was investigated. magnetic nanoparticles were added to poly styrene (ps) for preparation of magnetic nanocomposite. nanostructures were then characterized using x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem) and fo...