background physical activity and alteration of temperature as a source of stress may have adverse effects on male reproduction. objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic swimming and standing in cold, warm and lukewarm water on mouse spermatogenesis. materials and methods forty-nine male mice (n = 49) were randomly divided into seven groups: c, control; swc, swim...

A vast economic history literature suggests that medieval institutions supporting contract enforcement were necessary for impersonal exchange to emerge. Yet this literature cannot account for the bill of exchange, an important financial instrument that had positive legal standing in both the medieval Islamic and Christian worlds but remained relegated to personal networks only in the former. Th...

Classical Islamic law recognizes only natural persons; it does not grant standing to imagined, juristic persons. This article identifies self-reinforcing processes that kept Islamic law from developing a concept of legal personhood indigenously. Community building being central to Islam’s mission, the early promoters of Islam had no use for a concept liable to facilitate factionalism. In subseq...

This article gives an overview of a research study concerning emergency assistance and special needs programs. It notes that the range of programs available in States and counties is large, but that due to a combination of rules, State and local priorities, and financial difficulties, coverage of groups of clients and types of needs is uneven. The nature of the emergency assistance and special ...

This study investigates the link between incarceration and health behavior among a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 1,670). The association is analyzed using propensity score methods and a strategic comparison group: respondents who have been convicted of crimes, but not incarcerated. Findings suggest that former inmates consume more fast foo...

Self-reported dietary caffeine and alcohol consumption were examined in relation to anger and violent behavior in Icelandic tenth-graders. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate direct and indirect effects of measured and latent variables in the population sample of 3,670, controlling for parental financial standing, family structure, ADHD, and peer delinquency. Gender diffe...

The ever-mounting pressure on surgeons to improve efficacy, safety and financial outcomes of their work, has driven them, and the industry, to seek ways for enhancing operative precision. We certainly need to delineate, beyond doubt, lesions that are supposed to be completely removed, as well as structures that ought to be preserved. One way to achieve this goal is to augment visualization at s...

Preface The Committee on the Global Financial System (CGFS), known until 1999 as the Euro-Currency Standing Committee, serves as a discussion forum for the central bank community on financial stability questions. Central banks, being placed at the centre of the financial system, have a long tradition of analysing financial market developments. This applies to both the operational, ie monetary p...

the extension of the modern irrigation systems (mis) has been considered as one of the mechanisms for increasing irrigation water use efficiency since 1990s in zanjan province. the main purpose followed in this descriptive - correlational study was to examine the factors influencing farmers’ adoption of mis in zanjan and khodabande townships of the province through a survey, making use of a str...