BACKGROUND The practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is common in several African countries and some parts of Asia. This practice is not only a violation of human rights, but also puts women at risk of adverse health outcomes. This paper analysed the trends in the prevalence of FGM in Burkina Faso and investigated factors that are associated with this practice following the enactment of a...

In this paper, several analyses were conducted to investigate the buckling behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) thin plates with various circular cutout arrangements. The computer model was simulated using Finite Element (FE) software ABAQUS. developed validated by authors in previous research. A parametric analysis employed effect plate thickness and diameter on FGM plates. normalize...

1. Abstract Equations governing the behavior of rectangular plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are determined in this paper using the variational approach. Derivation of such equations is based on Reissner–Mindlin plate theory that is extended to handle two-constituent material distribution through the thickness. Material properties are assumed to vary with the power law in ter...

Purpose: Egypt has the highest prevalence of chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and also a high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM). The high prevalence chronic hepatitis C has been attributed to HCV transmission by contaminated injections for the control of schistosomiasis. HCV infection has not been well studied in the context of female genital mutilation (FGM). We sought to...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) usually undertaken between the ages of 1-9 years and is widely practised in some part of Africa and by migrants from African countries in other parts of the world. Laws prohibit FGM in almost every country. FGM can cause immediate complications (pain, bleeding and infection) and delayed complications (sexual, obstetric, psychological problems). Several...

This work deals with the modeling of plate structures constituted Functionally Graded Material through a variable separation approach. The displacement field is approximated as sum separated functions in-plane coordinates x, y and transverse coordinate z. choice yields to nonlinear problem that can be solved by an iterative process. Two 2D 1D linear problems are successively. In thickness direc...

BACKGROUND health professionals in Belgium are confronted with female genital mutilation (FGM). To date, no survey to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on FGM was conducted among midwives in the Northern region of Belgium. OBJECTIVE the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of Flemish midwives regarding female genital mutilation (FGM). DESIGN we...

BACKGROUND The existing literature is contradictory regarding effects of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) on sexual functions. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of type I and II FGM/C on sexual function of Egyptian women. METHODS We recruited 197 cut women and 197 control women from those visiting Assiut University hospitals for different reasons. We asked each woman to...

BACKGROUND Reliable evidence about the effect of female genital mutilation (FGM) on obstetric outcome is scarce. This study examines the effect of different types of FGM on obstetric outcome. METHODS 28 393 women attending for singleton delivery between November, 2001, and March, 2003, at 28 obstetric centres in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan were examined before deli...

A new mixed four-node quadrilateral element (MiQ4) is established in this paper to investigate functionally graded material (FGM) plates with variable thickness. The proposed developed based on the first-order shear deformation and finite technique, so does not need any selective or reduced numerical integration. Numerous basic tests have been carried out demonstrate accuracy convergence of ele...