Tree is one of the most studied and practically useful classes of graphs and is the attention of a great number of studies. There is absence of generalized results for tree as a class and even for one kind of labeling as whole. Only specialized results exist limited to specific types of trees only. A number of conjectures stand being unsolved. Graham and Sloane (1980) conjectured trees to be Ha...

One of the central issues in studies of reference is the relationship between morpho-syntactic form and the accessibility of discourse referents. However, most of the work in this area has been concerned primarily with reference to entities; considerably less work has addressed the relationship between syntactic form and the discourse accessibility of events. In this paper, we consider forms of...

This paper argues that the term ‘passive’ has been systematically misapplied to a class of impersonal constructions that suppress the realization of a syntactic subject. The reclassification of these constructions highlights a typological contrast between two types of verbal diathesis and clarifies the status of putative ‘passives of unaccusatives ’ and ‘transitive passives’ in Balto-Finnic and...

Prom Week is a social-simulation videogame driven by the artificial intelligence engine Comme il Faut (CiF). In each level of the game, the player selects social interactions between characters in an effort to achieve socially oriented goals. These social interactions are enacted with hand-authored natural-language dialogue exchanges, called instantiations, which also serve to render the underl...

This paper offers an account of the fact that certain verbs license wh-questions as their complement but not whether-questions. For instance, it is felicitous to say It is surprising who Bill had invited but not to say It is surprising whether Bill had invited his wife. We refer to this contrast as the *whether puzzle. We propose an account which crucially rests on the assumption that the relev...

In 2 studies, we investigated how peers establish a referential pact to call something, for example, a cushion versus a pillow (both equally felicitous). In Study 1, pairs of 4- and 6-year-old German-speaking peers established a referential pact for an artifact, for example, a woman's shoe, in a referential communication task. Six-year-olds, but not 4-year-olds, continued to use these same expr...

This is a bold statement. The field is only just now beginning to understand what general pragmatic mechanisms are like once we dig deeper than intuitive statements. One wonders: to what extent could a precise set of pragmatic mechanisms (maxims), interacting with semantic denotations, produce the “narrow restrictions” that Truckenbrodt carefully documents? The present commentary explores this ...

Why do some negative sentences sound strange, even when they are both true and grammatical? We explore the pragmatics of negation by examining adults’ explicit felicity judgments of negative sentences in context. In Experiment 1, we found that a pragmatically supportive context elicited higher felicity ratings for negative sentences, and that negative sentences expressing nonexistence were rate...

Abstract German allows for topic drop (Fries 1988), the omission of a preverbal constituent from V2 sentence. I address underexplored question why speakers use with corpus study and two acceptability rating studies. propose an information-theoretic explanation based on Uniform Information Density hypothesis (Levy Jaeger 2007) that accounts full picture data. The approach predicts is more felici...

Despite widespread acceptance that their emissions accelerate climate change and its disastrous ecological effects, new fossil fuel extraction projects continue apace, further entrenching dependence, thereby enacting particular futures. In this article, we examine how is occurring in the case of a proposed onshore shale gas “fracking” industry remote Northern Territory Australia, drawing on pol...