Backsheet degradation is a known reliability issue affecting field-exposed photovoltaic (PV) modules power plants. In this work, we present lessons learned during the last three years, examining from 26 plants in TestLab PV Modules at Fraunhofer ISE. The basis description of currently observed backsheets and associated features as for example backsheet chalking, cracks different layers chemical...

block-flexure is the most common mode of toppling failure in natural and excavated rock slopes. in such failure, some rock blocks break due to tensile stresses and some overturn under their own weights and then all of them topple together. in this paper, first, a brief review of previous studies on toppling failures is presented. then, the physical and mechanical properties of experimental mode...

The translation of Digital products applicable to military application has been affected by the DoD's need for lower cost products. Products developed for military application must retain robust mechanical characteristics; however, each product may be tailored to meet government specifications such as mean time between failure and temperature range. Design changes for military use have had a be...

In a previous paper Low91] we presented two new models of timed CSP. The rst model included biased operators in the syntax, which could be used to model diierent priorities on actions. The second model extended this by adding a probabilistic choice operator to the syntax; this allowed us to give a semantics which modelled the probabilities of diierent behaviours occurring. In Low92b] we present...

In order to create more comfortable and energy saving living spaces, we have to investigate what is comfortable and how to measure comfort of users in a living space. Some measures of thermal comfort have been defined as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) as an international standard. However, complex and high cost equipments are required to measure PMV by con...

Block-flexure is the most common mode of toppling failure in natural and excavated rock slopes. In such failure, some rock blocks break due to tensile stresses and some overturn under their own weights and then all of them topple together. In this paper, first, a brief review of previous studies on toppling failures is presented. Then, the physical and mechanical properties of experimental mode...

WirelessHART networks are gaining ground as a real-time communication infrastructure in industrial wireless control systems. Because wireless communication is often susceptible to transmission failures in industrial environments, it is essential to account for failures in the delay analysis for realtime flows between sensors and actuators in process control. WirelessHART networks handle transmi...

failures are unfortunately an inherent part of the microelectronics business, where complexity is growing rapidly. Failures can occur during several points of a product’s life cycle, such as technology or product development and qualification, yield learning, reliability improvement, system manufacture, and field application. The impact of such failures ranges from consequential to catastrophic...