This paper uses all value-added tax (VAT) changes across EU Member States from 1988 to 2016 estimate the effect of VATs on trade flows. We find small elasticities flows with respect VATs, even when VAT are large. These substantially smaller than tariffs estimated in literature. finding holds different time periods, countries, and types reforms. Our results imply that unlikely distort (JEL F13, ...

A pap+ Escherichia coli isolate from a turkey with colisepticemia expressed P fimbriae with a major subunit of an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa which reacted with anti-F11 serum. This fimbriae was purified and polyclonal antiserum was produced in rabbits. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the major fimbrial subunit of the avian P fimbriae was identical to that of F11. On immunoblotting,...

Vaccinia virus produces two distinct infectious virions; the single-enveloped intracellular mature virus (IMV), which remains in the cell until cell lysis, and the double-enveloped extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which mediates virus spread. The latter is derived from a triple-enveloped intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) precursor, which is transported to the cell periphery by the kinesin...

Proof. (⇒) Let Ω0 = {ω : limn Xn(ω) = X(ω)}. Suppose P (Ω0) = 1. Let > 0 be given. →∞ Let Am = ∩k=m{|Xk − X| ≤ }. Then Am ⊂ Am+1 ∀m and limm P (Am) = P (∪m=1Am) by →∞ continuity of probability measure. For each ω0, there exists m(ω0) such that |Xk(ω0)−X(ω0)| ≤ for all k ≥ m(ω0). Therefore, ∀ω0 ∈ Ω0, ω0 ∈ Am for some m and we can conclude that Ω0 ⊂ ∪m=1Am and 1 = P (Ω0) ≤ P (∪m=1Am) = limm P (A ...

The nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA1, 7342 nucleotides (nt) of grapevine fanleaf virus strain F13 (GFLV-F13) has been determined from cDNA clones. The complete sequence contained only one long open reading frame (ORF) of 6852 nucleotides extending from nucleotide 243 to 7101. The putative polyprotein encoded by this ORF is 2284 amino acids in length with an Mr of 253K. The location of ge...

Nascent Entrepreneurs Nascent entrepreneurs are people who are engaged in creating new ventures. This chapter reviews the international evidence on how many of them are there around the world, what they are doing, who they are, what makes them different, and which ones see their vision through to eventual start-up. JEL Classification: J23

Admission Conditions and Graduates’ Employability We evaluate the information content of admission conditions for study programs’ quality by investigating its relationship with graduates’ employability. We find that study programs with larger numeri clausi are associated with a higher probability of finding a job. Additionally, compulsory admission exams seem to be informative about study progr...