The warming climate has rapidly altered vegetation growth in drylands, and consequently, put great pressure on sustainable livelihoods. Various datasets have been applied from local to global scale study dynamics there is a lack of solid comparison among multiple datasets. Note that might shift over time the greening browning components long-time span be masked by linear trend. Here, we aim mon...

A phenomenon known in the international literature that is nevertheless unaddressed standard indicators used for analysing fiscal policy can yield misleading results. Creative accounting distort basic statistics, dividing data into groups of “revenue” and “expenditure” leads to same distorted results, common cyclically adjusted balance are also misleading. Based on impact these distortions, six...

We provide an extension of the perfect sampling algorithm of Fill (1998) to general chains, and describe how use of bounding processes can ease computational burden. Along the way, we unearth a simple connection between the Coupling From The Past (CFTP) algorithm originated by Propp and Wilson (1996) and our extension of Fill’s algorithm.