Previous studies have identified a close association between diet and the prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD); however, the mechanisms via which the diet protects against KBD-associated cartilage injury has remained elusive. Recent international research studies have revealed a therapeutic role of dietary exosome micro (mi)RNAs in repairing chondrocyte lesions by regulating genes and protei...

The exosome is a complex of 3'-->5' exoribonucleases which is involved in many RNA metabolic processes. To regulate these functions distinct proteins are believed to recruit the exosome to specific substrate RNAs. Here, we demonstrate that M-phase phosphoprotein 6 (MPP6), a protein reported previously to co-purify with the TAP-tagged human exosome, accumulates in the nucleoli of HEp-2 cells and...

The 55-kDa, type I tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR1) can be released to the extracellular space by two mechanisms, the proteolytic cleavage and shedding of soluble receptor ectodomains and the release of full-length receptors within exosome-like vesicles. We have shown that the brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein BIG2 associates with TNFR1 and selectively modulates th...

The RNA-degrading exosome mediates the processing and decay of many cellular transcripts. In the yeast nucleus, the ubiquitous 10-subunit exosome core complex (Exo-9-Rrp44) functions with four conserved cofactors (Rrp6, Rrp47, Mtr4, and Mpp6). Biochemical and structural studies to date have shed insights into the mechanisms of the exosome core and its nuclear cofactors, with the exception of Mp...

A genome-wide screen for synthetic lethal (SL) interactions with loss of the nuclear exosome cofactors Rrp47/Lrp1 or Air1 identified 3'-->5' exonucleases, the THO complex required for mRNP assembly, and Ynr024w (Mpp6). SL interactions with mpp6Delta were confirmed for rrp47Delta and nuclear exosome component Rrp6. The results of bioinformatic analyses revealed homology between Mpp6 and a human ...

A key question in the field of RNA regulation is how some exosome substrates, such as spliceosomal snRNAs and telomerase RNA, evade degradation and are processed into stable, functional RNA molecules. Typical feature of these non-coding RNAs is presence of the Sm complex at the 3'end of the mature RNA molecule. Here, we report that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae presence of intact Sm binding site ...

Currently available studies have suggested that a number of exosome-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as stable biomarkers for cancers. However, little is known about the effect of exosomal miRNAs on colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of study is to identify specific miRNAs in serum exosomes, which may serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets fo...

The yeast exosome is a complex of 3'-->5' exonucleases involved in RNA processing and degradation. All 11 known components of the exosome are required during 3' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA. Here we report that depletion of each of the individual components inhibits the early pre-rRNA cleavages at sites A(0), A(1), A(2)and A(3), reducing the levels of the 32S, 20S, 27SA(2)and 27SA(3)pre-rRNA...

The archaeal exosome is a phosphorolytic 3'-5' exoribonuclease complex. In a reverse reaction it synthesizes A-rich RNA tails. Its RNA-binding cap comprises the eukaryotic orthologs Rrp4 and Csl4, and an archaea-specific subunit annotated as DnaG. In Sulfolobus solfataricus DnaG and Rrp4 but not Csl4 show preference for poly(rA). Archaeal DnaG contains N- and C-terminal domains (NTD and CTD) of...

Exosome is an extracellular vesicle released from multivesicular endosomes and contains micro (mi) RNAs and functional proteins derived from the donor cells. Exosomal miRNAs act as an effector during communication with appropriate recipient cells, this can aid in the utilization of the exosomes in a drug delivery system for various disorders including malignancies. Differences in the miRNA dist...