This paper presents a Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) approach for investigating dynamic crack propagation in homogeneous and Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). The failure criterion is incorporated in the CZM using both a finite cohesive strength and work to fracture in the material description. A novel CZM for FGMs is explored and incorporated into a finite element framework. The material gradat...

Chemical deposition techniques as well as diffusing techniques can be used to produce inhomogeneous composite films. We put forth a theory to investigate the nonlinear ac responses of a model graded film. We find that the responses are strongly dependent on the gradation profile and the thickness of the film, due to the local field effect. Thus, it seems possible to real-time-monitor the gradat...

Marshall Test design methods are used to design TLA modified asphalt mixture and base asphalt mixture respectively, and their pavement performance is tested. The results showed that there is a transforming coefficient of 1.15 between OAC of 40% TLA modified asphalt mixture and that of base asphalt mixture, and ultimate gradation of the TLA modified asphalt mixture is finer than previous gradati...

Authors of American psychology textbooks habitually refer to the “existential-humanistic” or “humanistic-existential” approach to treatment, while therapists in the UK and Europe say that this usage is inaccurate, and that the differences between the existential and humanistic approaches outweigh their similarities. To assess the merit of these competing claims, we must distinguish between lite...