This paper discusses the indirect evidential markers dizque in American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese by focusing on varieties of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Lima (Peru), variety São Paulo (Brazil). I adopt a comparative approach which discuss their syntax semantics. To thoroughly document properties theoretically driven approach, comprehensive questionnaire building previous literature was u...

It is well known that the German modal verbs ‘sollen’ and ‘wollen’ have evidential (reportative) uses, illustrated in (1), but to date there is no satisfactory formal semantic account of these uses: Most existing accounts focus on unembedded occurrences of these verbs and derive incorrect predictions for the embedded cases. Based on corpus data and a survey study, it will be argued that ‘sollen...

Abstract There is very little research on the use of metadiscourse markers in abstracts across different disciplines (especially a single study) undergraduates as novice researchers, and qualitative has been done topic EFL ESL contexts altogether. Thus, purpose this study to examine undergraduates’ social sciences three (English Language Communication, Mass Psychology) Faculty Social Sciences L...

• First syntactic description and explanation of the evidential dizque. Uniform update semantics analysis for reportative modal meanings Spanish The two-tier semantic approach to evidentials does not account many their properties. A encoded meaning giving rise nuances through ways updating. This paper investigates properties American dizque (lit. ‘it is said’). We claim that not-at-issue this r...

In this paper, we propose a methodology for collecting naturally occurring data on evidentials and epistemic modals. We use Desano (Eastern Tukanoan) as a case study. This language has a complex evidential system with six evidential forms. The methodology in question consists of having Desano speakers to play a logic game, Mastermind. In this game one player (the codemaker) places colored pegs ...

Argumentative indicators of discourse relations constitute crucial cues for the mining of arguments. However, a comprehensive lexicon of these linguistic devices is so far lacking due to the scarcity of corpora argumentatively annotated and the absence of an empirically validated analytic methodology. Recent studies have shown that modals, that express that things might be otherwise, and eviden...

This paper presents a frame-theoretic account of the inferential and non-inferential use of German perception verbs like klingen ‘sound’, aussehen ‘look (like)’, and sich anfühlen ‘feel (like)’. We argue that a proper analysis of constructions based on these verbs requires explicit reference to object attributes like SOUND, SIGHT, and TOUCH, to which we refer as ‘dimensions’. It will be shown t...

This study presents pioneering data on how adult early bilinguals (heritage speakers) and late bilingual speakers of Turkish and German process grammatical evidentiality in a visual world setting in comparison to monolingual speakers of Turkish. Turkish marks evidentiality, the linguistic reference to information source, through inflectional affixes signaling either direct (-DI) or indirect (-m...

The evidential (reportative) uses of the German modals sollen ‘should’ and wollen ‘want’ are typically given a purely modal analysis that yields correct predictions for unembedded cases, but fails to account for many embedded occurrences. Based on a corpus and a questionnaire study it is argued that these modals can receive three distinct kinds of interpretation when they occur embedded in clau...

We compare speech production and find morphosyntactic change among children adolescents speaking two closely related varieties of Quechua in Cuzco, Peru, Chuquisaca, Bolivia. languages traditionally employ Object-Verb (OV) word order main clauses, but robust case marking permits other orders, especially to focalize new information through constituent fronting. In not we that schoolchildren ofte...