The current paradigm of gut evolution assumes that non-bilaterian metazoan lineages either lack a gut (Porifera and Placozoa) or have a sac-like gut (Ctenophora and Cnidaria) and that a through-gut originated within Bilateria [1-8]. An important group for understanding early metazoan evolution is Ctenophora (comb jellies), which diverged very early from the animal stem lineage [9-13]. The perce...

The process of oviposition in A. walkerae was observed and found to be a sequence of exactly coordinated, interlocking events independent of the age of ticks. Egg-laying always commenced with numerous dorso-ventral movements of the capitulum. The pedipalps were spread during the last dorso-ventral movement and lowered to the ventral body wall embracing the genital aperture on both sides. Simult...

Abstract Background Six different metal complexes of quercetin (Cu, Zn, Co, Vd, Mo, Ni) were synthesized, purified, and characterized by their physical spectral (UV, IR) data. They evaluated for P-gp (permeability glycoprotein) inhibitory activity in vitro everted sac method rats. The apparent permeability atorvastatin (P-gp substrate) from the rat intestine was determined control, standard (ve...

PURPOSE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (P450) affect drug disposition. Efavirenz (EFV) is an anti-HIV drug used in combination. Since most anti-HIV medications are substrate and modulators of P-gp and/or P450, we investigated the effects of EFV on intestinal P-gp and hepatic P450 function to predict drug interactions. METHODS (i) The effect of EFV on rat intestinal P-gp function wa...

Ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), a subclass of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl), has been reported to have many biological and dietary functions. In terms PlsEtn absorption, some studies that is re-esterized at the sn-2 position using lymph cannulation everted jejunal sac model. this study, we aimed better understand uptake kinetics increase its absorption. We thus compared with lyso...

Digestive proteases of the digestive tract of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata were studied. Luminal protease activity was found in the crop, the style sac and the coiled gut and was significantly higher in the coiled gut. Several protease bands and their apparent molecular weights were identified in both tissue extracts and luminal contents by gel zymography: (1) a 125 kDa protease in sali...

The inhibitory effects of Momordica charantia extracts were studied on the uptake of glucose and tyrosine across rat everted gut sacs in vitro. The aqueous extract of the plant was found to inhibit primarily the uptake of glucose in a dose-dependent manner. Uptake of tyrosine was affected at high substrate concentrations only. The extract was also found to decrease the absorptive capacity of fl...

Oral administration of folate analogues to rats is followed by a rise in plasma folate detectable only by micro-biological assay with Lactobacillus casei, suggesting methylation of folate during absorption. When using the everted rat gut technique with folate (PteGlu), dihydrofolate (H(2)PteGlu), or tetrahydrofolate (H(4)PteGlu) on the mucosal surface formyl folate (10-CHO-PteGlu, 10-CHO-H(4)Pt...