Evaporative cooling systems using a combination of evaporative pads and extractor fans require greenhouses to be hermetic. The greatest concentration of greenhouses in the world is located in southeast Spain, but these tend not to be hermetic structures and consequently can only rely on fogging systems as evaporative cooling techniques. Evaporative cooling boxes provide an alternative to such s...

Intraspecific variation in avian thermoregulatory responses to heat stress has received little attention, despite increasing evidence that endothermic animals show considerable physiological variation among populations. We investigated seasonal (summer versus winter) variation in heat tolerance and evaporative cooling in an Afrotropical ploceid passerine, the white-browed sparrow-weaver (Plocep...

The concept of root contact hypothesizes that the absorbing roots grown in sandy soil are only partially effective in water uptake. Co-ordination of water supply and demand in the plant requires that the capacity for water uptake from the soil should correspond to an operational rate of water loss from the leaves. To examine how the plant hydraulic system responds to variations in soil texture ...

The so-called coffee stain effect has been intensively studied over the past decades, but most of studies are focused on sessile droplets. In this paper, we analyse origin difference between deposition suspended particles in a drop and an axisymmetric deposited fibre. First, model shape fibre its evaporative flux with some approximations to derive analytical calculations. Then, for pinned conta...

It is well-known that aerosols affect clouds and that the effect of aerosols on clouds is critical for understanding human-induced climate change. Most climate model studies have focused on the effect of aerosols on warm stratiform clouds (e.g., stratocumulus clouds) for the prediction of climate change. However, systems like the Asian and Indian Monsoon, storm tracks, and the intertropical con...

Equations for the calculation of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss were derived for use of a paramagnetic gas analyzer with a flow-through respirometry system and an open or closed mask. The magnitude of errors involved in the determination of VO2 with no CO2 absorbent are small (+/-3%) but may be greater if no H2O absorbent is used, unless an appropriate correction is made for evaporative ...

We have designed an anti-evaporative cover for use with the sample and reagent cups and other liquid containers that are required in automated analytical systems. This cover, which is simple in design, consists of a baseplate and a cylindrical chimney. By increasing the height and decreasing the inner diameter of the chimney, evaporative losses can be reduced to less than 0.1%/h; thus, aliquots...

in this study, an electrostatic sprayer which had been previously designed and constructed was evaluated in order to quantify the charging of droplets. liquid atomization was achieved by using an ultrasonic nozzle. the nozzle maximum flow rate was 25 milliliters per minute and vibration frequency was about 30 khz. the induction method was used for charging the output droplets. all experiments w...

Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss are two commonly measured physiological variables. It is therefore important, especially for comparative studies, that these variables (and others) are measured under standardised conditions, of which a resting state during the inactive phase is part of the accepted criteria. Here we show how measurement duration and timing affect these criteria and imp...

Flash boiling atomization has been considered a promising approach to enhance spray atomization. Increasing the fuel temperature or reducing ambient pressure can promote phase-change of spray, and be achieved during this process, so that enhanced. However, strong evaporative feature flash induced high vapor concentration in plume thus changes characteristics. To understand impacts phase on prop...