European options can be priced using the analytical solution of the Black-Scholes-Merton differential equation with the appropriate boundary conditions. A different approach and the one commonly used in situations where no analytical solution is available is the Monte Carlo Simulation. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations for pricing European options and we compare with the analyti...

This review is an endeavor to highlight the progress in the inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of 1-oxa-1,3-butadienes in recent years. The huge number of examples of 1-oxadienes cycloadditions found in the literature clearly demonstrates the incessant importance of this transformation in pyran ring synthesis. This type of reaction is today one of the most important methods fo...

The problem of spiraling Black incarceration The United States has the world’s highest incarceration rate. This massive incarceration is a product of exponential growth since the 1970s (see Figure 1). By the end of the 1990s, even White European Americans were incarcerated at rates three to four times higher than Europeans. But the wave of massive incarceration fell disproportionately on Black ...

Many isoprenylated flavonoids have been isolated from Japanese mulberry tree (Moraceae). Among them, kuwanons G (1) and H (2) were the first isolated active substances exhibiting a hypotensive effect. These compounds are considered to be formed through an enzymatic Diels-Alder type reaction between an isoprenyl portion of an isoprenylphenol as the diene and an alpha, beta-double bond of chalcon...

Many isoprenylated flavonoids have been isolated from mulberry trees and related plants (Moraceae). Among them, kuwanons G (13) and H (14) were the first isolated active substances exhibiting a hypotensive effect from the Japanese Morus root bark. These compounds are considered to be formed through an enzymatic Diels-Alder reaction of a chalcone (15) and dehydro-kuwanon C (16) or its equivalent...

Within-stand variation in understory species composition and biomass was studied in 16 even-aged stands of mixed Red Alder Sitka Spruce Western Hemlock (Alnus rubra Picea sitchensis Tsuga heterophylla) forest. The sites were upland sites, and the stands were 28-39 years old. We compared understory within three categories of microsite types: Red Alder-dominated, conifer-dominated, and mixed alde...

This paper describes the use of a substituent effects study to understand the mechanistic basis for an interfacial Diels-Alder reaction that does not proceed with standard second-order kinetics. Cyclopentadiene (Cp) undergoes a Diels-Alder reaction with a chemisorbed mercaptobenzoquinone to yield an immobilized Diels-Alder adduct. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are not linearly related t...

Constraints on nitrogen fixation are the ultimate causes of N limitation of primary production, but hypotheses concerning limitations to N2 fixation remain largely untested in natural terrestrial ecosystems. We examined limitations to N2 fixation by thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia) in two stages of primary forest succession on the Tanana River floodplain (interior Alaska, USA) and focused on t...

Abstract The Diels–Alder reaction has long been established as an extremely useful procedure in the toolbox of natural product chemists. It tolerates a wide spectrum building blocks different complexity and degrees derivatization, enables formation six-membered rings with well-defined stereochemistry. In recent years, many total syntheses products have reported that rely, at some point, on use ...