This paper describes a new measure for presence in immersive virtual environments (VEs) that is based on data that can be unobtrusively obtained during the course of a VE experience. At different times during an experience, a participant will occasionally switch between interpreting the totality of sensory inputs as forming the VE or the real world. The number of transitions from virtual to rea...

This paper establishes a direct method for solving variational problems via a set of Radial basis functions (RBFs) with Gauss-Chebyshev collocation centers. The method consist of reducing a variational problem into a mathematical programming problem. The authors use some optimization techniques to solve the reduced problem. Accuracy and stability of the multiquadric, Gaussian and inverse multiq...

RFID (radiofrequency identification) technology offers the ability to provide many new services and conveniences in the retail environment. An innovative product with societal acceptance is the one that aids the comfort, convenience and efficiency in everyday life. Purchasing and shopping at big malls is becoming daily activity in various cities. We can see big rush at these malls on holidays a...