â  regional and urban planning instruments contain an extensive range of concepts and methods. these methods are important for understanding the complex identity of cities and the prediction of their future. today majority of planners and urban planning authorities believe that the use of these methods can help us to better understand urban systems and predict their behavior. in this regard the...

As an inseparable organ, courtyards have influenced the history of architecture with their presence in the context of constructed sites and in a wider sense (architecture), it has provided permissive answers to numerous aspects of climatic, cultural and security demands of the residents. Discovering different aspects of environmental and climatic function in the central courtyard of the traditi...

Urban green space is one of the important solicitude for urban planners and designers due to their effects on quality of life. This research used HPM model to estimate economic value of urban green space, in a case study of trees in Velenjak residential place, Tehran Metropolitan Area in Iran. View determined the spread tree on the public spaces and neighbourhoods improve residential lan...

‎By substituting the usual notion of open sets in a topological space $X$ with a suitable collection of maps from $X$ to a frame $L$, we introduce the notion of L-topological spaces. Then, we proceed to study the classical notions and properties of usual topological spaces to the newly defined mathematical notion. Our emphasis would be concentrated on the well understood classical connectedness...