We investigate the behavior of a complete flat metric on surface near puncture. call puncture regular if it has neighborhood which is isometric to that point at infinity cone. prove there are punctures not and only curvature $4\pi$. classify irregular up modification equivalence, where two called modification-equivalent they have neighborhoods. show uncountably many modification-equivalence cla...

Let PCFk denote the sublanguage of Plotkin’s PCF in which fixed point operators Yσ are admitted only for types σ of level ≤ k. We show that the languages PCFk form a strict hierarchy, in the sense that for each k, there are closed programs of PCFk+1 that are not observationally equivalent to any programs of PCFk. This answers a question posed by Berger in 1999. Our proof makes substantial use o...

We show that the local equivalence problem of second-order ordinary differential equations under point transformations is completely characterized by differential invariants of order at most 10 and that this upper bound is sharp. We also demonstrate that, modulo Cartan duality and point transformations, the Painlevé–I equation can be characterized as the simplest second-order ordinary different...

We study the relationship between least and inflationary fixed-point logic. By results of Gurevich and Shelah from 1986, it has been known that on finite structures both logics have the same expressive power. On infinite structures however, the question whether there is a formula in IFP not equivalent to any LFP-formula was still open. In this paper, we settle the question by showing that both ...

Correspondence algorithms typically struggle with shapes that display part-based variation. We present a probabilistic approach that matches shapes using independent part transformations, where the parts themselves are learnt during matching. Ideas from semi-supervised learning are used to bias the algorithm towards finding ‘perceptually valid’ part structures. Shapes are represented by unlabel...

technical terminology has a significant role in translation of technical or scientific texts. unfortunately, most of research in this area has not perceived the urgent need for a model to analyze or shown how translate technical or scientific terminology. in this paper, the researcher attempts to designs a workable model for translation of technical or scientific terminology. the major aim of t...

Notes about equivalence between the Sine-Gordon theory (free fermion point) and the free fermion theory. Abstract. The space of local integrals of motion for the Sine-Gordon theory (the free fermion point) and the theory of free fermions in the light cone coordinates is investigated. Some important differences between the spaces of local integrals of motion of these theories are obtaned. The eq...

In this paper the dynamic equivalence of planar mechanisms is investigated by decomposition of inertia into point masses. For a planar rigid body, two point masses can fully describe its dynamic behavior. The location of one these points can be chosen freely, fixing the second point. By locating one of the two point masses of a link on a revolute joint, this link can be fully described by the o...

A family of equivalence tools for bounding network capacities is introduced. Given a network with node set , the capacity of is a set of non-negative vectors with elements corresponding to all possible multicast connections in ; a vector is in the capacity region for if and only if it is possible to simultaneously and reliably establish all multicast connections across at the given rates. Any o...