The order Hymenoptera includes the bees, ants, and a diverse array of groups we commonly think of as "wasps." As most people were aware, many Hymenoptera can and do sting. In this chapter I will address the question of the hymenopteran sting. What is it? Which Hymenoptera sting? How does it cause pain? Is it dangerous? How can we avoid stings and treat those we do receive? Particularly importan...

background: information on the epidemiology of venomous snake species responsible for envenomation to humans in iran has not been well documented. in the kashan city, venomous snakebite remains a recurring medical problem. information providing the correct identification of snake species responsible for envenomation in this geographic region would be useful to regional medicalclinics and person...

-----------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION---------------For intravenous use only  Initiate administration as soon as possible after snake bite in patients who develop signs of envenomation (e.g. local injury, coagulation abnormality or systemic signs of envenomation)  Dose: (2.1) o Recommended initial dose is between 4 and 6 vials o Observe patient for up to one hour after the initial dose a...

this study evaluated the effects of mesobuthus eupeus (me) scorpion venom on inflammatory response following injection. additionally, the present study examined whether immunotherapy at specific time intervals would be effective on inflammatory response after me venom inoculation. animals were divided randomly into four groups: the first group received ld50 of venom and the second and third gro...

OBJECTIVES: (1) To investigate the significance of assessment of serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) beside other biomarkers of myocardial injury in scorpion envenomed children. (2) To find the correlation between these biochemical indices with clinical status, prognosis and outcome of these cases. METHODS: Forty-one children in Upper Egypt were admitted to Pediat...

The number of cases of envenomation by scorpions has grown significantly in Brazil since 2007, with the most severe cases being caused by the Tityus serrulatus scorpion. Although envenomed patients mostly suffer neurotoxic manifestations, other symptoms, such as hypertension, cannot be exclusively attributed to neurotoxins. Omics analyses have detected plentiful amounts of metalloproteases in T...

Activation of the inflammatory response with the release and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is among the factors thought to be important in the pathogenesis of many deleterious inflammatory effects seen in case of scorpion envenomation. The released inflammatory mediators interact in the body with a large number of proteins and receptors; this interaction determines the eventual infla...

An 11-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with hypoventilation and shock after being bitten by a Mojave rattlesnake. Intubation was required, and she improved rapidly after fluid resuscitation and antivenom administration. She was extubated four hours after envenomation and did well. The patient subsequently developed increased weakness and cranial nerve paresis and required rei...