Coronaviruses are assembled by budding into smooth membranes of the intermediate ER-to-Golgi compartment. We have studied the association of the viral membrane glycoproteins M and S in the formation of the virion envelope. Using coimmunoprecipitation analysis we demonstrated that the M and S proteins of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) interact specifically forming heteromultimeric complexes in infe...

Two principal virus-directed antigens have been identified on the surface of oncornavirus-infected chick embryo cells. One is identical with the major virus type-specific envelope antigen, which is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 85,000. The 2nd antigen (tumor-specific cell surface antigen) is specific for transformed cells, i.e., absent from productively infected but nontransformed c...

The restricted host-cell range and low titer of retroviral vectors limit their use for stable gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. To overcome these limitations, we have produced murine leukemia virus-derived vectors in which the retroviral envelope glycoprotein has been completely replaced by the G glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus. Such vectors can be concentrated by ultracentrifugatio...

Abbreviations: ZP, zona pellucida; ZPG, ZP glycoprotein; VE, vitelline envelope; VEG, VE glycoprotein; mZP, mouse ZP; hZP, human ZP; SS, signal sequence; CTP, C-terminal propeptide; CFCS, consensus furin cleavage-site; TMD, transmembrane domain; ZPD, ZP domain; NTS, N-terminal subdomain; CTS, C-terminal subdomain; EHP, external hydrophobic patch; IHP, internal hydrophobic patch; CP, charged pat...

Biological systems provide many examples of specifically tailored, nanostructured molecules with highly optimized properties and characteristics. These biomaterials are composite materials and consist of an inorganic component and a special organic matrix. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers( are the outermost cell envelope component of many eubacteria and archaea and are compos...

Infection by some human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates is enhanced by the binding of subneutralizing concentrations of soluble receptor, soluble CD4 (sCD4), or monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins. In this work, we studied the abilities of different antibodies to mediate activation of the envelope glycoproteins of a primary HIV-1 isolate, YU2, ...

High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection makes it an important disease world-wide. Mouse is a very well-studied animal model for this disease with similar manifestation to human disease. It would be desirable to induce mucosal as well as circulating immune responses to obtain protection from infection and to decrease the spread of the virus. Cell mediated immunity (proliferativ...

Because T-helper cells are critical for immune responses in retroviral infections, CD4+ T-cell lines specific for the human T-leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope have been generated from peripheral T lymphocytes of nonimmune donors to study their naive repertoire. Recombinant fragments (RE1, amino acids [aa] 26-200; RE3, aa 165-307; RE5, aa 308-401; and RE6, aa 165-401) of HTLV-1 envelope, ...

Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) lacking the gene for the envelope glycoprotein (env(-)) was produced in NIH 3T3 cells and investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The particles were compared with similarly produced wild-type virions, some of which had been exposed to a monoclonal antibody against the surface component of the envelope protein (SU protein). The env(-) particles ge...

The conservation of positively charged residues in the N terminus of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 suggests an interaction of the viral envelope with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Using recombinant envelope glycoprotein E2 and virus-like particles as ligands for cellular binding, we demonstrate that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) play an important ro...