The emission features observed in the X–ray afterglow of Gamma Ray Bursts are extremely powerful. Since they last at least for several hours, they imply energies of the order of 10 ergs. This in turn implies that the energy contained in the illuminating continuum thought to be responsible of the line production must exceed 10 ergs. This is a strong lower limit to the energy reservoir of Gamma R...

Establishing satisfactory estimation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial vital for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. Determining the accurate method to estimate evaporation from reservoirs in the investigation and management of water resources is very important. Hence, in this study eight empirical methods such as; Makkink, DeBruin-Kejiman, Penman, Priestley-Ta...

Establishing satisfactory estimation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial vital for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. Determining the accurate method to estimate evaporation from reservoirs in the investigation and management of water resources is very important. Hence, in this study eight empirical methods such as; Makkink, DeBruin-Kejiman, Penman, Priestley-Ta...

We present a comprehensive sample of X-ray observations of 41 γ-ray burst (GRB) afterglows, as well as jet opening angles, θj for a subset with measured jet breaks. We show that there is a significant dispersion in the X-ray fluxes, and hence isotropic X-ray luminosities (LX,iso), normalized to t = 10 hr. However, there is a strong correlation between LX,iso and the beaming fractions, fb ≡ [1 −...

One of the most important discoveries in the observation of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is that the total energy emitted by a GRB in γ-rays has a very narrow distribution around 1051 erg, which has led people to claim that GRBs are standard energy explosions. As people made the claim they have ignored the selection biases which must be important since GRB observations are strongly fluence or flux-l...

To maximize annual power generation and to improve firm power are important but competing goals for hydropower stations. The firm power output is decisive for the installed capacity in design, and represents the reliability of the power generation when the power plant is put into operation. To improve the firm power, the whole generation process needs to be as stable as possible, while the maxi...

While CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is considered a part of the solution to overcoming the ever increasing level of CO2 in the atmosphere, one must be sure that significant new hazards are not created by the CO2 injection process. The risks involved in different stages of a CO2 sequestration project are related to geological and operational uncertainties. This paper presents the applicati...