: In this paper, the operation of a future distribution network is discussed under the assumption of a multi-carrier microgrid (MCMG) concept. The new model considers a modern energy management technique in electricity and natural gas networks based on a novel demand side management (DSM) which the energy tariff for responsive loads are correlated to the energy input of the network and changes ...

Two types of reaction have been described in which a reversal of electron transfer may occur: (a) energy-linked reduction of pyridine nucleotide in the presence of a flavin-linked substrate (I) and (b) energy-linked oxidation of cytochrome and reduction of pyridine nucleotide (2). In the latter, the presence of both oxidized and reduced forms of the respiratory carriers suggests that the system...

The flow of energy from the laser to the lattice during pulsed laser annealing of Si is examined, with particular attention paid to the influence of the dense'plasma of hot, photoexcited carriers on-the manner in which this energy transfer occurs. Consideration of carrier thermalization and recombination at high carrier densities suggests that under certain conditions carrier diffusion may incr...

When these diodes are exposed to photons of energy greater than 1.12 eV (wavelength less than 1100 nm) electron-hole pairs (carriers) are created. These photogenerated carriers are separated by the p-n junction electric field and a current proportional to the number of electron-hole pairs created flows through an external circuit. For the majority of XUV photons, about 3.7 eV energy is required...

Two types of reaction have been described in which a reversal of electron transfer may occur: (a) energy-linked reduction of pyridine nucleotide in the presence of a flavin-linked substrate (I) and (b) energy-linked oxidation of cytochrome and reduction of pyridine nucleotide (2). In the latter, the presence of both oxidized and reduced forms of the respiratory carriers suggests that the system...

In the near future, an increase in cellular network density is expected to be one of the main enablers for the newly introduced challenging capacity goals. This development will lead to an increase in the network energy consumption. In this context, we propose an energy efficient dynamic scheme for HSDPA+ (High Speed Downlink Packet Access-Advanced) systems aggregating several carriers. In the ...

It has been recently found that the initial-energy effect, which is associated with the finite initial energy of carriers entering the multiplication region of an avalanche photodiode (APD), can be tailored to reduce the excess noise well beyond the previously known limits for thin APDs. However, the control of the initial energy of injected carriers can be difficult in practice for an APD with...

according to international trade theories, countries attempt to produce and export commodities with their abundant resources. iran has great energy resources and availability of inexpensive energy input has increased energy consumption per capita in manufacturing sector as well as in consuming sector. relying on low energy price, manufacturers employ energy-intensive methods for producing and e...