Wandering-phase ®fth instar Plodia interpuntella (HuÈ bner) were exposed at 3-week intervals for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h on concrete treated with sprays of 100, 150, and 200 mg 20% cy ̄uthrin wettable powder (WP) per m over a 15-week period. Pupation rate and adult emergence were not signi®cantly di€erent (Pr0.05) with respect to exposure interval at any application rate. Of the larvae exposed at wee...

Predicting the emergence of new pathogenic strains is a key goal of evolutionary epidemiology. However, the majority of existing studies have focussed on emergence at the population level, and not within a host. In particular, the coexistence of pre-existing and mutated strains triggers a heightened immune response due to the larger total pathogen population; this feedback can smother mutated s...

We consider an interaction between a donor and a recipient where the actions of a donor produce multiple results to the recipient. There are Optimists and Pessimists who focus on the best and worst outcomes among them as a recipient of the interaction, respectively, and they try to reflect on their experience in their next action as a donor. What is the effect on the emergence of cooperation? T...

The effects of environmental factors and exudates from the amphipod Corophium volutator on the emergence of Maritrema subdolum cercariae (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the snail Hydrobia ulvae were investigated in the laboratory. Increasing the temperature (15 to 25 degrees C) caused an overall 11-fold increase in emergence rate under varying salinities (24 to 36 per thousand). The effect of sa...

at the crop level, the drought stress accounts for most variations in yield. a controlled glasshouse investigation at day/night temperatures of 22/15°c based at perth city, western australia was performed (in 2006) to assess the influence of different soil moisture contents (field capacity percentage basis) on emergence as well as early plant growth in twenty chickpea genotypes. the experiment ...

use of plant growth promoting bacteria (pgpb) and high quality of seed as agricultural inputs play important roles in sustainable crop production. to study the effects of different levels of seed aging and pgpb's application on field emergence, seedling establishment and yield of two red kidney bean cultivars in field conditions, an experiment was carried out as factorial based in a rcbd d...