In these lectures on the early Universe I will discuss some recent developments in particle cosmology, taking particular care to highlight the r^ ole of particle physics in our understanding of cosmology. I will assume that the reader is familiar with basic particle physics, but not necessarily basic astronomy. Before starting, I would like to discuss the motivation for particle physicists to b...

1. Sources of particles 1.1 Particle Accelerators 1.2 Neutron sources 2. Sources of high-energy radiation 2.1 Conventional sources 2.2. Large Bremsstrahlung Sources 2.3. Synchrotron radiation 2.4. Free electron and X-ray lasers 3. Detectors 3.1. Interaction of radiation with matter 3.1.1. Interaction of particles with matter 3.1.2. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter 3.2. Parti...

Contact interactions offer a general framework for describing a new interaction with a scale above the energy scale probed. These interactions can occur if the StandardModel particles are composite or if new heavy particles are exchanged. The discovery potential of contact interactions at the LHC in dimuon and dijet final states at startup and the asymptotic reach are presented. PACS. 12.60.Rc ...

The Yang-Mills theory lies at the heart of our understanding of elementary particle interactions. For the strong nuclear forces, we must understand this theory in the strong coupling regime. The primary technique for this is the lattice. While basically an ultraviolet regulator, the lattice avoids the use of a perturbative expansion. I discuss some of the historical circumstances that drove us ...

In general, a physical system consists of a finite or infinite number of degrees of freedom which may or may not interact. The dynamics is prescribed by a set of evolution equations which follow from varying the action with respect to the different degrees of freedom. A symmetry then corresponds to a group of transformations on the space time coordinates and/or the degrees of freedom that leave...

The results presented at the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference on neutrino and muon physics are summarized. Neutrinos and muons provide a huge amount of information on particle interactions up to very high energies and on fundamental particle properties. Results on neutrino oscillations in the atmospheric and solar ν sectors are summarized. Oscillations are well established in both secto...

We investigate the behavior of small perturbations around the Kaluza-Klein monopole in the five dimensional space-time. We find that the even parity gravitational wave does not propagate in the five dimensional space-time with Kaluza-Klein monopole provided that the gravitational wave is constant in the fifth direction. We conclude that a gravitational wave and a U(1) magnetic monopole do not c...

The study of two spin asymmetries in hadron-hadron collisions probes the details of fundamental particle interactions in ways infeasible to machines with unpolarized collisions. Within reach is how the proton spin is distributed among its constituents through ∆G and ∆q̄. Measuring couplings, furthering our understanding jet structure and uncovering new physics are all among the possibilities ava...

INTRODUCTION This work is the overview of experimental results on the investigation of photon interactions obtained at LEP. The generalized diagram of the reaction (e + e – e + e – + X) is shown in Fig. 1 [1]. Incident electrons 1 emit virtual photons which due to the uncertainty principle fluctuate to some intermediate state: / pair or quark–gluon system. The two-photon interaction can be repr...

String theory is a physical model that represents elementary particles by vibrating strings with the aim of unifying the four forces of nature (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). As a closed string (i.e a loop) moves through space, it may split into two (corresponding to fission), which may later recombine into one (corresponding to fusion). The path traced by a ...