Abstract A bow shock is generated by the interaction of solar wind with planetary global dipole field (e.g., Earth), or (mainly) ionosphere Mars). The cross‐shock potential has been well studied at Earth but not yet for Mars. We infer and approximate peak in frame invariant de Hoffmann‐Teller profile Mars ( ϕ ) data from Atmospheric Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. find that its ratio to ram...

A new noninvasive method for determining the surface electrostatic potential and surface charge density of microscopic particles using second harmonic generation (SHG) is described. The surface electrostatic properties of 1.05 μm polystyrene sulfate spheres in aqueous solution and that of 0.22 μm oil droplets in aqueous emulsions are obtained. Comparisons of the surface potentials obtained from...