A bstract The spin supplementary conditions are constraints on degrees of freedom in classical relativity which restricts physical to rotations. It is argued that the equivalent quantum field theory projection polarisation tensors, remove timelike/longitudinal polarisations from spectrum. claim supported by three examples massive spinning particles coupled electromagnetism: Dirac and Proca fiel...

In this paper, we examine the Dirac monopole in the framework of Off-Shell Electromagnetism, the five dimensional U(1) gauge theory associated with StueckelbergSchrodinger relativistic quantum theory. After reviewing the Dirac model in four dimensions, we show that the structure of the five dimensional theory prevents a natural generalization of the Dirac monopole, since the theory is not symme...

Evans developed a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism on the background of a spacetime obeying a Riemann-Cartan geometry. In an accompanying paper I, we analyzed this theory and summarized it in nine equations. We now propose a variational principle for Evans’ theory and show that it yields two field equations. The second field equation is algebraic in the torsion...

A pedagogical introduction is given to attempts to formulate a more fundamental theory of elementary particles than that provided by the standard model. After a review of the basic elements of the standard model, its unsatisfactory features, and ideas to modify them will be discussed. An introduction to Technicolour, t-quark condensates, supersymmetric models, GUT's and a brief comment on compo...

Three different methods to quantize the spherically symmetric sector of electromagnetism are presented: First, it is shown that this sector is equivalent to Abelian BF -theory in four spacetime dimensions with suitable boundary conditions. This theory, in turn, is quantized by both a reduced phase space quantization and a spin network quantization. Finally, the outcome is compared with the resu...

We show in the framework of Pfaff systems theory, the functional dependences of the general analytic solutions of a suitable system of involutive differential equations describing the differences between the analytic solutions of the conformal and “Poincaré” Lie equations. Then we ascribe to the infinitesimal variations of the parametrizing functionals some physical meanings as the electromagne...