HYPOTHESIS Lack of access to surgical care is a public health crisis in developing countries. There are few data that describe a nation's ability to provide surgical care. This study combines information quantifying the infrastructure, human resources, interventions (ie, procedures), emergency equipment and supplies for resuscitation, and surgical procedures offered at many government hospitals...

The hypothesis described in this article proposes that energy visualization diagrams commonly used need additional changes to continue to be relevant in a world with greater low-carbon generation. The diagrams that display national energy data are influenced by the properties of the type of energy being displayed, which in most cases has historically meant fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, or hydro....

We developed a system that continuously maintains a cryocooler for long periods on a rotating table. A cryostat that holds the cryocooler is set on the table. A compressor is located on the ground and supplies high-purity (>99.999%) and high-pressure (1.7 MPa) helium gas and electricity to the cryocooler. The operation of the cryocooler and other instruments requires the development of interfac...

HIV-AIDS has become the world's leading infectious cause of adult deaths. Approximately 5% of Haiti's adult population is infected with HIV, making it the most affected nation in the western hemisphere[1]. The non-governmental organization Zanmi Lasante (ZL) launched an innovative program 5 years ago to treat HIV patients in the very impoverished central plateau with highly active anti-retrovir...

Recent interest in small-scale solar thermal combined heat and power (CHP) power systems has coincided with demand growth for distributed electricity supplies in areas poorly served by centralized power stations. One potential technical approach to meeting this demand is the parabolic trough solar thermal collector coupled with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) heat engine. The paper describes the...

Fuel cells are electrochemical energy converters which allow transformation of the chemical energy of a fuel to electricity through oxido-reduction reaction. The voltage of an elementary cell is usually near 1 V in open circuit and around 0.6 V in nominal conditions of power generation. Fuel cells are then by essence low voltage sources , so that for most practical applications, power managemen...

ransmission is playing an increasingly vital role in the modern electric power system. The transmission network is critical for system reliability and security by physically connecting geographically dispersed regions; at the same time, it enables economies of scale in generation plants, economies from pooling diverse demands and supplies, and economies from maintenance coordination. As competi...

Victorian lignites (brown coals) in Australia have long been the mainstay of the Victorian economy, providing low-cost electricity to the state. In order to secure energy supplies for the future and to reduce the environmental impacts of power generation using the lignites, the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Clean Power from Lignite is developing an Advanced Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Com...

Rwanda: Primary energy supply is dominated by biomass resources in Rwanda. Wood supplies about 57 percent directly and wood for charcoal 23 percent, while agricultural residues and peat provide 6 percent and petroleum products 11 percent. Only 5 percent of the country’s population are connected to the electricity grid, with 3 percent of these being in the rural areas and 25 percent in the urban...

Introduction of an integrated energy service system in an urban area is assumed. An energy supply plant is installed in the area to provide integrated energy service. It supplies electricity, gas, cooling, and heating to consumers. To consider CO2 emission constraint in the area, analyses of energy pricing, economic impact on energy consumers, and operation of the system under the constraint of...