Editor – We appreciate the comments of P.J. Landrigan concerning our article on the factors associated with elevated blood concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan (1, 2). In his editorial, however, he commented that the decline in the use of leaded petrol in Pakistan had resulted in declines in children's blood lead levels. Mean blood lead concentrations in schoolchildren had been repor...

Autoignition of a hydrogen-air scalar mixing layer in homogeneous turbulence is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). An initial counterflow of unmixed nitrogen-diluted hydrogen and heated air is perturbed by two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence. The temperature of the heated airstream is chosen to be 1100 K, which is substantially higher than the crossover temperature at which the...

The mixture formation prior to the ignition process plays as a key element in the diesel combustion. Parametric studies of mixture formation and ignition process in various injection parameter has received considerable attention in potential for reducing emissions. Purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of injection pressure on mixture formation and ignition especially during ignition ...

Wildfire ignition requires a combination of an open spark, and suitable weather and fuel conditions.Models of fire occurrence and burned area provide a good understanding of the physical and climatic factors that constrain and promote fire spread and recurrence, but information on how humans influence ignition patterns is still lacking at a scale compatible with integrated fire management.We in...

This review encompasses the available practical and experimental data on the ignition of solid wood. Only solid, natural wood is considered, not sawdust, chips, or products that have been treated with fire retardants or other substances, nor is the ignition of living trees. Panel products such as plywood or particleboard have ignition properties very similar to solid wood, so the solid-wood res...

The objective of the present work is to evaluate whether variable ignition timing can be effect on exhaust emission and engine performance of a spark ignition engine. The study describes some results of research in the area of spark ignition engine and is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of conventional ignition engine using gasoline and methano...

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to compute the spark ignition in a turbulent methane jet flowing into air. Full ignition sequences are calculated for a series of ignition locations using a one-step chemical scheme for methane combustion coupled with the thickened flame model. The spark ignition is modeled in the LES as an energy deposition term added to the energy equation. Flame kernel for...

Non-equilibrium plasma demonstrates great potential to control ultra-lean, ultra-fast, low-temperature flames and to become an extremely promising technology for a wide range of applications, including aviation gas turbine engines, piston engines, RAMjets, SCRAMjets and detonation initiation for pulsed detonation engines. The analysis of discharge processes shows that the discharge energy can b...

Technological innovations in the field of prime movers have recently made a rapid progress as represented in cars and engines. In the Department of Prime Mover Engineering, research, design and manufacture are carried out with respect to lean burn engine, alternative fuel engine, electric vehicles such as hybrid cars, linear motor cars by use of magnetic levitation, and energy-saving solar cars...