Initiation codon selection in eukaryotes involves base-by-base inspection of the 5'-untranslated region of mRNA by scanning ribosomal 43S preinitiation complexes. We employed in vitro reconstitution to investigate factor requirements for this process and report that in the absence of eIF1 and DHX29, eIFs 4A, 4B and 4G promote efficient bypassing of stable stems by scanning 43S complexes and for...

Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation is the carbon source for plant anabolism, including amino acid production and protein synthesis. The biosynthesis of leaf proteins is known for decades to correlate with photosynthetic activity but the mechanisms controlling this effect are not documented. The cornerstone of the regulation of protein synthesis is believed to be translation initiation, which invol...

We present a novel spectral learning algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) from range data with known correspondences. This algorithm is an instance of a general spectral system identification framework, from which it inherits several desirable properties, including statistical consistency and no local optima. Compared with popular batch optimization or multiple-hypothesis ...

Protein synthesis in mammalian cells is regulated through alterations in the states of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors and elongation factors (eIFs and eEFs respectively) and of other regulatory proteins. This modulates their activities or their abilities to interact with one another. Insulin activates several of these proteins including the following: the guanine-nucleotide ex...

Translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) of Saccharo myces cerevisiae forms a multifactor complex (MFC) with eIFs 1, 2, 5 and Met-tRNA(i)(Met). We previously constructed a subunit interaction model for the MFC. Here we incorporated affinity tags into the three largest eIF3 subunits (eIF3a/TIF32, eIF3b/PRT1 and eIF3c/NIP1) and deleted predicted binding domains in each tagged protein. By characteri...

Glucocorticoids are diabetogenic factors that not only antagonize the action of insulin in target tissues but also render these tissues catabolic. Therefore, in rats, we endeavored to characterize the effects in skeletal muscle of glucocorticoids on translation initiation, a regulated process that, in part, governs overall protein synthesis through the modulated activities of eukaryotic initiat...

In the process of protein synthesis, the small (40S) subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome is recruited to the capped 5' end of the mRNA, from which point it scans along the 5' untranslated region in search of a start codon. However, the 40S subunit alone is not capable of functional association with cellular mRNA species; it has to be prepared for the recruitment and scanning steps by interaction...

Abstract—Multiple channels present IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol designers with a number of options in their attempt to calm the effects of Hidden Terminal Problems (HTPs). The research on multi-channels shows that the effects of HTPs can be reduced and limited to Request To Send/Clear To Send (RTS/CTS) control packets. Unfortunately our analysis shows that data packets can be affected by HTPs. An e...

Translation initiation in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs through a cap-independent mechanism that involves an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) capable of interacting with and utilizing the eukaryotic translational machinery. In this review, we focus on the structural configuration of the different HCV IRES domains and the impact of IRES primary sequence variations on secondary structure ...

The intergenic region-internal ribosome entry site (IGR-IRES) of dicistroviruses binds to 40S ribosomal subunits in the absence of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). Although the conserved loop sequences in dicistroviral IGR-IRES elements are protected from chemical modifications in the presence of the 40S subunit, molecular components in the 40S subunit, which interacts with the loop sequen...