Economics is a discipline in which there appears to be many opportunities for applications of time scales. The time scales approach will not only unify the standard discrete and continuous models in economics, but also, for example, allows for payments which arrive at unequally spaced points in time. We present a dynamic optimization problem from economics, construct a time scales model, and ap...

The indicators used in economics to calculate the productivity scale are not always positive, therefore, existing models need to be developed to calculate the productivity scale for the semi-negative and semi-positive output index. However, companies with a lack of capacity need to achieve economies of scale and demand for realization simultaneously in the presence of a negative outflow index, ...

abstract theories of behavior consumer deal with human behaviors as a being with will and purpose, so they are based on specific assumptions about the human nature and fundamentals of decision making. these assumptions often have ideological roots in different value systems consequently they are different in various these systems. the aim of this paper is to investigate these assumptions in the...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric approach for performance analysis of decision making units (DMUs) which uses a set of inputs to produce a set of outputs without the need to consider internal operations of each unit. In recent years, there have been various studies dealt with two-stage production systems, i.e. systems which consume some inputs in their first stage to produce ...

the measurement of rts amounts measures a relationship between inputs and outputs in a production structure. there are many different ways to calculate rts in primal or dual space. but in more realistic cases, governments usually intervene on dmu’s behavior as regulatory agency, this clearly represent a set of limitations and restrictions on behaviors of dmus, so very few decisions in dmus are ...