Recent studies that incorporate the spatial distributions of biological benefits and economic costs in conservation planning have shown that limited budgets can achieve substantially larger biological gains than when planning ignores costs. Despite concern from donors about the effectiveness of conservation interventions, these increases in efficiency from incorporating costs into planning have...

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect th...

1 Currently on sabbatical leave at the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Sauerwiesen 6, D-67661 Kaiserslautern, Germany. This work has been funded in part under the Austrian Science Fund grant J-1948-INF.

Economic planning can assist policy makers in Simulation allows the introduction of many using available resources to improve the quality of life relationships which conventional optimizing models for rural and urban people. The objective of this may not. In this sense, simulation is a flexible paper is to illustrate how simulation can aid in technique for testing and evaluating a proposed regi...

This paper argues that economic planning under Stalin and Hitler in the 1930s was essentially similar, both in process and outcome. Both economies had fixed prices and used coercion as part of a rather chaotic process of resource allocation; consumption in both countries was sacrificed to investment in heavy industry. Both economies can be thought of as socialist, and socialism in the 1930s was...

Demographic aging is the major problem that Taiwanese society is facing, and retirement life adaptation is the most concerning issue. In recent years, studies have suggested that in order to have successful aging and retirement planning, a view for the future is necessary. In Taiwan, civil servants receive better pensions and retirement benefits than do other industries. Therefore, their retire...