The sustainable management of marine natural resources presents particular challenges to the managers of those resources. While such management has typically been based on biological considerations, it is argued that this has resulted in overexploitation and destruction of important marine assets in industries such as fishing and tourism. Consequently, it is concluded that other approaches are ...

In the late 1970s, industrial countries began moving toward full reliance on indirect instruments, such as open market operations, rediscount facilities, and reserve requirements. Many developing and transition economies have followed suit. Indirect instruments are more effective than direct instruments in today’s increasingly open economic environment. N IMPLEMENTING monetary policy, a central...

This paper gives an overview of the economics of the Kyoto Protocol, the agreement that was adopted unanimously by government negotiators in December 1997 to tackle the threat of climate change. The Protocol was adopted against a background of hugely disparate perspectives concerning the urgency of action, the costs of limitations, and the appropriate instruments. In the end, the view of the US...

Solid waste is a significant and growing problem in many urban areas of the developing world. Current systems of waste management in most developing country cities are very rudimentary at best and are grossly inefficient and ineffective. Uncontrolled landfill disposal of solid waste is a pervasive problem which causes a range of external costs, including human health hazards. This paper sets ou...

Water quality is a major environmental issue. Pollution from nonpoint sources is the single largest remaining source of water quality impairments in the United States. Agriculture is a major source of several nonpoint-source pollutants, including nutrients, sediment, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint pollution reduction policies can be designed to induce producers to change their pro...

Some eighty years ago, economists first proposed the use of corrective taxes to internalize environmental and other externalities. Fifty years later, the portfolio of potential economic-incentive instruments was expanded to include quantity-based mechanisms — tradeable permits. Thus, economicincentive approaches to environmental protection are clearly not a new policy idea, and over the past tw...

CONTENTS The purpose of this chapter is to examine the major types of policies and measures that can be used to mitigate net concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. 1 Alternative policy instruments are described and assessed in terms of specific criteria, on the basis of the most recent literature. Naturally, emphasis is on the instruments mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol (t...

The treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) requires an increasing use of medical and economic resources. Therefore, the assessment of objective and subjective outcome of different treatment strategies is of considerable interest. Validated quality of life (QOL) instruments are one important means to assess subjective outcome of the patients. Frequently used generic instruments are the Short ...