It is necessarily advisable to ponder about the “change process”, most particularly in the area of human interactions so that one make more consummate realization of numerous occurrences and challenges like cases of success or failure in highly assorted political, cultural, social or economic plans that societies experience. On the other hand, understanding the causes and effective factors lead...

the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of implicit focus on form through input flooding and the effect of noticing, explicit focus on form on linguistic accuracy. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 86 iranian pre-intermediate efl learners of one of the language institutes were chosen by means of administering ket as the homogeneity test. these learners were pretested throug...

abstract the present study deals with a comparison between reactive and pre-emptive focus-on-form in terms of application and efficiency. it was conducted in an intermediate english class in shahroud. 15 male learners participated in this research and their age ranged from 18 to 25. a course book, new interchange 3, and a complementary book were used. every session the learners gave lectures o...

Introduction: Economic growth is one of the most important goals of a country and has a close relationship with health expenditures and emissions of environmental pollutants. Health expenditures and environmental quality are also among the other important issues. On the one hand, environmental problems have become a serious threat to humankind in recent years. On the other hand, meaningful heal...

One of the planners and policy-makers’ aims on the one hand is optimum allocating and distributing of credits and facilities among regions and on the other hand is providing and compiling a suitable model aiming at achieving economic and social equity as well as creating reasonable and real economic growth. Paying attention to the balanced regional development, decreasing regional and district ...

cement is an essential ingredient in the concrete buildings. for production of cement considerable amount of fossil fuel and electrical energy is consumed. on the other hand for generating one tone of portland cement, nearly one ton of carbon dioxide is released. it shows that 7 percent of the total released carbon dioxide in the world relates to the cement industry. considering ecological issu...

Cities and villages are the main centers of human societies. They shape the geographical foundations of an area that have special relationships with each other based on socio-economic and spatial characteristics. The rapid spread of technology in recent decades has transformed the way of living and working in cities and villages. On the one hand, this expansion has caused anti-urbanism and on t...

abstract the present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of critical thinking on writing ability of 60 iranian intermediate efl learners studying at chenar language institute in khuzestan, iran. to this end, the participants of the study were selected based on their performance in an pet test, a cornell critical thinking test form x and a pre-test of writing. the participants un...