Abstract Hate speech should be tackled and prosecuted based on how it is operationalized. However, the existing theoretical definitions of hate are not sufficiently fleshed out or easily operable. To overcome this inadequacy, with help interdisciplinary experts, we propose an empirical definition by providing a list 10 indicators rationale behind them (the refer to specific, observable, measura...

We study heating effects of a single metallic quantum dot weakly coupled to two leads. The dominant mechanism for heating at low temperatures is due to inelastic electron cotunneling processes. We calculate the grain temperature profile as a function of grain parameters, bias voltage, and time and show that for nanoscale size grains the heating effects are pronounced and easily measurable in ex...

a numerical tool able to describe EDFA based WDM ring networks with free ASE light re-circulating is presented. The model only requires few easily measurable EDFA and network parameters. Experimental results confirm the accuracy of the proposed tool and highlight its importance for an effective network design.