In this article, the optical properties of silver cubic-shape nanostructures (SCNs) were analyzed by employing the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) in aqueous media. The absorption, dispersion and extinction cross-sections of these nanostructures were calculated based on the wavelength change of the incident light in the visible and near infrared region. Moreover, the height change, waveleng...

Several recent studies report that neurotransmitters that are critically involved in extinction in adult rats are not important for extinction in young rats. Specifically, pretest injection of the gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) receptor inverse agonist FG7142 has no effect on extinction in postnatal day (P)17 rats, although it reverses extinction in P24 rats as reported by Kim and Richardson in...

Abstract Operant extinction has substantial evidence to support its effectiveness across a variety of populations and behaviors. However, procedures may be less-preferred by learners, caregivers, other community stakeholders, the staff implementing them. In current study, we evaluated “kind extinction” procedural modification, in which provided functionally arbitrary reinforcer form genuine pos...

There has been a longstanding debate on whether original fear memory is inhibited or erased after extinction. One possibility that reconciles this uncertainty is that the inhibition and erasure mechanisms are engaged in different phases (early or late) of extinction. In this study, using single-session extinction training and its repetition (multiple-session extinction training), we investigate...

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) enhances the consolidation of extinction of conditioned fear. High frequency stimulation of the infralimbic cortex (IL) produces long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in rats given VNS-paired extinction training, whereas the same stimulation produces long-term depression in sham-treated rats. The present study investigated the state of synaptic p...