Resistance to antimicrobial drugs represents one of the greatest threats to the control of infectious diseases and is a particular problem in treating diseases caused by parasitic protists. These pathogens are of enormous medical importance, causing diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis. In the absence of effective vaccines, the control of these diseases is...

Although considerable knowledge has accumulated over the past 50 years concerning the systems of the brain that support the reinforcing effects of drug of abuse, this knowledge has not been easily translated into effective treatment. The primary problem for treatment of drug abuse remains the reinitiation of drug craving and seeking after abstinence (relapse). It is not understood why, for exam...

The effects of vincristine (VCR) on cell survival, cell cycle progression, DNA synthesis, and metaphase accumulation were studied in relation to drug concentration and drug exposure duration in Sarcoma 180 cells in vitro. VCR was found to affect cells in interphase, producing a transient G2 block at all drug concentrations and drug exposure durations studied. VCR did not affect DNA synthesis di...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to different antithyroid drugs during pregnancy on the incidence of neonatal congenital malformations. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed to compare the incidence of neonatal congenital malformations after exposure to different antithyroid drugs during pregnancy. Twelve studies that met the inclusion criteria were incl...

Determining fetal drug exposure (except at the time of birth) is not possible for both logistical and ethical reasons. Therefore, we developed a novel maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (m-f-PBPK) model to predict fetal exposure to drugs and populated this model with gestational age-dependent changes in maternal-fetal physiology. Then, we used this m-f-PBPK to: 1) perform a se...

Based on the dopamine hypotheses of cocaine addiction and the assumption of decrement of brain reward system sensitivity after long-term drug exposure, we propose a computational model for cocaine addiction. Utilizing average reward temporal difference reinforcement learning, we incorporate the elevation of basal reward threshold after long-term drug exposure into the model of drug addiction pr...

Drug dependence is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that can occur during development. Prenatal drug exposure is among the environmental factors that have been examined for its possible impact on child development. This review summarises available evidence for the impact of prenatal drug exposure, including alcohol and tobacco, on the long-term neuro...