CONGENITAL ptosis in association with jaw-winking is a clinical entity in which the ptosis disappears and the lid retracts on opening the mouth, or on moving the jaw to the opposite side. This condition, known as the Marcus Gunn phenomenon (Gunn, 1883), has been noted in association with paralysis of the superior rectus (Proskauer, 1891; Goldzeiher, 1892), internal rectus (Uhthoff, 1888), exter...

A rare case of possible postinflammatory fibrosis of the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles, resulting in marked hypotropia with pseudoptosis, is described, together with the surgical management.

ions. A fruitful idea in the analysis of complex systems is that of abstractions: Instead of working with the original model, one considers a model that has a simpler structure but preserves pertinent properties. A prominent example of such an abstraction is the Parikh image, which is available whenever the semantics of a model is given as a formal language. If L is a language over an alphabet ...