cumulus parameterization in numerical weather prediction models can significantly affect severe weather forecasts, such as hurricanes, flash floods, and winter storms. the role of convection is essential in stabilizing an unstable atmosphere through vertically transferring moisture, energy, chemical species and momentum. cumulus parameterization schemes use simple one-dimensional convective clo...

Abstract. In the present study a relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system for quantification of vertical fluxes nitrous acid (HONO) was developed and tested. The is based on three-channel long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) instrument, which two channels are used updrafts downdrafts, respectively, third one correction chemical interferences. instrument coupled to REA gas inlet, an ultrasonic ...

Observations from the International Winter Monsoon Experiment (Winter MONEX) have been used to determine temperature changes in the lower troposphere beneath the stratiform components of tropical mesoscale convective systems. It is found that while the apparent heat source Q1 in the lower troposphere beneath the stratiform cloud systems is negative (due to hydrometeor melting and evaporation), ...