We derive the general expression for diffusiophoretic mobility of a soft particle (i.e., polyelectrolyte-coated hard particle) in concentration gradient electrolytes case which particle’s core size is large enough compared with Debye length. Therefore, surface can be regarded as planar, and electrolyte parallel to surface. The obtained applied arbitrary values fixed charge density polyelectroly...

Recent theoretical considerations have played an important role in advancing our understanding of the physiological mechanisms responsible for perturbing the plasma water sodium concentration ([Na(+)](pw)) in health and disease. Central to these considerations is the original empirical relationship between the [Na(+)](pw) and total exchangeable sodium (Na(e)), total exchangeable potassium (K(e)...

1. The experiments show that suspensions of finely divided particles of insoluble proteins incapable of swelling in acid (denatured egg albumin, casein trichloroacetate, sulfate, etc.) raise the viscosity of the suspension but little and that the influence of acid on the viscosity is negligible. 2. The same is true for solutions of certain genuine proteins such as genuine crystalline egg albumi...

The swelling of gelatin when placed in aqueous solution may be readily separated into three types. The swelling in acid or in alkali and the effect of neutral salts on this swelling have been shown by the work of Procter and Wilson, ~ and Loeb ~ to be due to the osmotic pressure of the ions of the electrolyte, in accordance with the Donnan equilibrium. The initial swelling of dry gelatin in wat...

The swelling of gelatin when placed in aqueous solution may be readily separated into three types. The swelling in acid or in alkali and the effect of neutral salts on this swelling have been shown by the work of Procter and Wilson, ~ and Loeb ~ to be due to the osmotic pressure of the ions of the electrolyte, in accordance with the Donnan equilibrium. The initial swelling of dry gelatin in wat...

We present a method that enables the direct simulation of Donnan equilibria. The method is based on a grand-canonical Monte Carlo scheme that properly accounts for the unequal partitioning of small ions on the two sides of a semipermeable membrane, and can be used to determine the Donnan electrochemical potential, osmotic pressure, and other system properties. Positive and negative ions are con...

Limitations have been detected in a recently published method for macroion valence determination by an ultracentrifugal procedure for quantifying the Donnan distribution of small ions in macroion solutions dialyzed against buffer supplemented with chromate as an indicator ion. The limitation reflects an implicit assumption that sedimentation velocity affords an unequivocal means of separating e...