In numerous studies charge remote fragmentation (CRF) has been shown to be a powerful technique for determination of primary structure by allowing location of double bonds, various functional groups, and branching in a variety of compound types directly by mass spectrometry. Instrumentation and ionization methods traditionally used for CRF, however, are becoming rare, in large part because ESI ...

marketing data collection from treated patients. This is being conducted in the U.S.A. by the various companies involved in biological immune modulators. Further information will undoubtedly become available over the next several years. The recent warnings from the manufacturers of infliximab (Remicade ) about the threefold increased risk of lymphoma and leukaemia in patients with rheumatoid ar...

Eggs of leaf beetles of the tribe Galerucini, subfamily Galerucinae, contain polyketides that are unusual in insects: 1,8-dihydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysazin, chrysophanol) and anthrones (dithranol, chrysarobin) deterring predators. The host plants do not contain these compounds. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the beetles, but not bacterial or fungal microorganisms liv...

Treatment modalities of chronic plaque psoriasis have dramatically changed over the past ten years with a still continuing shift from inpatient to outpatient treatment. This development is mainly caused by outpatient availability of highly efficient and relatively well-tolerated systemic treatments, in particular BioLogicals. In addition, inpatient treatment is time- and cost-intense, conflicti...

The bas is of the effects of urea on the human skin is its penetration kinetics into different skin layers. A strong vehicle dependence can be estabilished. Therefore wide differences are found in the duration and intensity of increased water-binding capacity after application of different urea containing emulsions. For therapy to increase the hydration and water-binding capacity in the homy la...

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of the skin in psoriatic plaques before and after treatment with dithranol and in clinically uninvolved psoriatic skin in comparison with the skin of healthy controls. In total, 82 psoriatic plaques in 19 in-patients and 51 age-matched control subjects were studied with a non-invasive suction device (Cutometer). The plaques were...

Treatment of 10-bromoanthralin (1) with several thiophenols (2) gave the corresponding 10-arylthioanthralins (3) in high yields. Oxidation of thioanthralins (3a-c) and (3k-m) using an excess of m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave the corresponding sulfones (4a-c) and (4k-m) in good yields. Oxidation of thioanthralins (3d-f) gave a mixture of the corresponding sulfones (4d-f) and anthralin-10,10'-d...