BACKGROUND The relations between geographical proximity and spatial distance constitute a popular topic of concern. Thus, how geographical proximity affects scientific cooperation, and whether geographically proximate scientific cooperation activities in fact exhibit geographic scale features should be investigated. METHODOLOGY Selected statistics from the ISI database on cooperatively author...

In many real time applications there is a need to represent many real time objects (universities, temples, airports, cities, buildings, lakes and companies etc) in the spatial database. Usually, spatial database objects are mapped with keywords for their reference in business or service applications. Normally, spacial objects are queried with the requirement of minimum inter object distance. No...

INTRODUCTION Accurate conceptualizations of neighborhood environments are important in the design of policies and programs aiming to improve access to healthy food. Neighborhood environments are often defined by administrative units or buffers around points of interest. An individual may eat and shop for food within or outside these areas, which may not reflect accessibility of food establishme...

The associated support centers constitute privileged spaces, in the offering of courses at a distance, in which students can look for help to solve their doubts and to deal with themes of administrative or academic issues, and which are part in the operational structure of a number of renowned institutions in that teaching modality. In Brazil and for the Open University of Brazil (Universidade ...

In one simulation, an artificial neural network was trained to rate the distances between pairs of cities on the map of Alberta, given only place names as input. Distance ratings ranged from 0 (when the network rated the distance between a city and itself) to 10. The question of interest was the nature of the representations developed by the network’s six hidden units after it successfully lear...

In everyday life, the process of commuting to work from home happens every now and then. And the research of commute characteristics is useful for urban function planning. For humans, the commute of an individual seems revealing no regular universal patterns, but it is true that people try to find a satisfactory state of life regarding commute issues. Commute time and distance are most importan...

BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recognises the importance of natural environments for human health. Evidence for natural environment-health associations comes largely from single countries or regions, with varied approaches to measuring natural environment exposure. We present a standardised approach to measuring neighbourhood natural environment exposure in cities in different regions...

In order to explore the impacts of various factors on air route connection, a probability model is constructed to simulate the Chinese airline network (CAN) in 2010, and the influences of tertiary industry output, degree and the spatial distance between two navigable cities on the analog results are discussed. Our research shows that, the opening of an air route is not completely determined by ...