objective: type 2 diabetes is amongst the most common chronic illnesses in iran. its prevalence is increasing and it has significant economic importance. the aim of this study was to estimate direct therapeutic and non-therapeutic costs of type 2 diabetes patients referred to the diabetes research center of yazd in 2012. materials and methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 t...

conclusions the study showed that the costs associated with cardiovascular diseases were not reasonable for many of these patients and their families. this certainly requires more consideration by managers and policy makers in the health care sector and the implementation of effective interventions. results the study findings showed that the total cost of cardiovascular diseases was 13,074,700 ...

background: visceral leishmaniasis is systematic serous parasitic disease with pub­lic health importance. zoonotic form of visceral leishmaniasis is wide spread in mediterranean basin and south america regions. direct agglutination test (dat) is an accurate, reliable and non-expensive serological test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human and canines but the antigen preparation i...

this report described sarcocystis-like merozoites in peripheral blood smear of a woman with mild fever, rigor and musculoskeletal pain. extracellular organisms with a pale blue cytoplasm and one or two nuclei were seen in her blood smear stained with giemsa. sarcocystis-like can be considered as a possible cause of some idiopathic febrile diseases.

no tillage systems can reduce operating costs, enhance soil organic matter, ameliorate soil structure and prevent environmental damage caused by stubble burning. however, the lack of an appropriate direct drill for the hardened soil of arid areas reduces adequate soil-seed contact and, thus, the system has shown contradictory results in past tests. developing a direct drill to place the seed an...

in this study, the isothermal reduction of iron oxide pellets, made of iranian chadormalo, gole-gohar, and sangan iron ores, was investigated in the temperature range of 900-1100°c. tabas, pabdana, babnizoo, karmozd, and shahrood domestic coals were used as reductants. parametric studies were performed and the effects of such factors as temperature, average particle size of iron ore and coal fi...

the democratic system is applied by three methods; by the representatives of people (indirect or representative democracy); by the people and their representative; and by the people themselves. in the constitution of the countries who accepted the national sovereignty doctrine the people's regime will be only applied by their representatives (like members of parliament, primeminister, the ...