'Language shift' is the process whereby members of a community in which more than one language is spoken abandon their original vernacular language in favour of another. The historical shifts to English by Celtic language speakers of Britain and Ireland are particularly well-studied examples for which good census data exist for the most recent 100-120 years in many areas where Celtic languages ...

The main purpose of this research paper is to explore and assess the challenges difficulties facing L2 learners Arabic due diglossic situation in Arab world whether learn both codes, standard dialectal or one them. study also tries understand nature awareness motivation about Iraq. Therefore, procedure followed achieve assignment highly based on, thoroughly examined, enormous references, verifi...

The part of the Istrian peninsula belonging to Republic Croatia is an officially Croatian-Italian bilingual county, where bilingualism realized both de jure and facto. Apart from Croatian Italian, other Romance Slavic varieties are spoken linguistic situation has therefore been described as that a double diglossia or imperfect polyglossia (Milani Kruljac 1990). Research on landscape in territor...

This first variationist study of ancient Egyptian examines two possessive constructions in Middle and Late Egyptian. Egyptologists maintain that the innovative form does not gain popularity until Late Egyptian, and that in the Late Egyptian stage, the language had two different registers – each favouring a different possessive variant (Allen 2013, Junge 2005). I confirm that the innovative form...

Since Greenberg the recognition of linguistic universals has been the backbone of language typology. Earlier Garvin had already divided universals into absolute and potential ones, the former uncontested cornerstones of linguistic theory, the latter commonly accepted generalizations among experienced professionals. The 'universals' to be discussed here are of the latter type: tried and tested p...