approximating the solution of differential equations of fractional order is necessary because fractional differential equations have extensively been used in physics, chemistry as well as engineering fields. in this paper with central difference approximation and newton cots integration formula, we have found approximate solution for a class of boundary value problems of fractional order. three...

The classical relativistic wave equations are presented as partial difference equations in the arena of covariant discrete phase space. These equations are also expressed as difference-differential equations in discrete phase space and continuous time. The relativistic invariance and covariance of the equations in both versions are established. The partial difference and difference-differential...

Nonlinear difference equations of higher order are important in applications; such equations appear naturally as discrete analogues of differential and delay differential equations which model various diverse phenomena in biology, ecology, economics, physics and engineering. The study of dynamical properties of such equations is of great importance in many areas. The autonomous difference equat...

in this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness results to the random fractional functional differential equations under assumptions more general than the lipschitz type condition. moreover, the distance between exact solution and appropriate solution, and the existence extremal solution of the problem is also considered.

This paper is devoted to integrability conditions for systems of linear difference and differential equations with difference parameters. It is shown that such a system is difference isomonodromic if and only if it is difference isomonodromic with respect to each parameter separately. Due to this result, it is no longer necessary to solve non-linear difference equations to verify isomonodromici...

For a field k with an automorphism σ and a derivation δ, we introduce the notion of liouvillian solutions of linear difference-differential systems {σ(Y ) = AY, δ(Y ) = BY } over k and characterize the existence of liouvillian solutions in terms of the Galois group of the systems. We will give an algorithm to decide whether such a system has liouvillian solutions when k = C(x, t), σ(x) = x+ 1, ...

For a field k with an automorphism σ and a derivation δ, we introduce the notion of liouvillian solutions of linear difference-differential systems {σ(Y ) = AY, δ(Y ) = BY } over k and characterize the existence of liouvillian solutions in terms of the Galois group of the systems. We will give an algorithm to decide whether such a system has liouvillian solutions when k = C(x, t), σ(x) = x + 1,...

1 We investigate the zeros of polynomial solutions to the differential-difference equation P n+1 (x) = A n (x)P ′ n (x) + B n (x)P n (x), n = 0, 1,. .. where A n and B n are polynomials of degree at most 2 and 1 respectively. We address the question of when the zeros are real and simple and whether the zeros of polynomials of adjacent degree are interlac-ing. Our result holds for general classe...

We compare some recent results on bounded solutions (over Z) of nonlinear difference equations and systems to corresponding ones for nonlinear differential equations. Bounded input-bounded output problems, lower and upper solutions, Landesman-Lazer conditions and guiding functions techniques are considered.