For N ≥ 3 there are SN and DN actions on the space of solutions of the first nontrivial equation in the SL(N) MKdV hierarchy, generalizing the two Z2 actions on the space of solutions of the standard MKdV equation. These actions survive scaling reduction, and give rise to transformation groups for certain (systems of) ODEs, including the second, fourth and fifth Painlevé equations. Given a solu...

In this paper, we present equivalent characterizations of L-closure systems on lower bounded complete L-ordered sets and complete L-lattices, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of notion of fuzzy closure system developed in our previous work (L.-K. Guo, G.-Q. Zhang, Q.-G. Li: Fuzzy closure systems on L-ordered sets. Math. Log. Quart. 57 (3) (2011), 281-291.). Also we develo...

Whereas in many parts of the world a low protein diet (LPD, 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day) is routinely prescribed for the management of patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD), this practice is infrequent in North America. The historical underpinnings related to LPD in the USA including the non-conclusive results of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study may have played a...

BACKGROUND Previous research has estimated that wasted food in the United States contains between 1,249 and 1,400 kcal per capita per day, but little is known about amounts of other nutrients embedded in the 31% to 40% of food that is wasted. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to calculate the nutritional value of food wasted at the retail and consumer levels in the US food supply, and contextuali...

BACKGROUND Knowledge of the number of deaths caused by risk factors is needed for health policy and priority setting. Our aim was to estimate the mortality effects of the following 12 modifiable dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors in the United States (US) using consistent and comparable methods: high blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure; overw...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Few population-based studies have examined the relationship between dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examines the association between dietary intake of folate and the subsequent risk of stroke and CVD. METHODS Study participants included 9764 US men and women aged 25 to 74 years who participated in the National Hea...

Background and Purpose—Few population-based studies have examined the relationship between dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examines the association between dietary intake of folate and the subsequent risk of stroke and CVD. Methods—Study participants included 9764 US men and women aged 25 to 74 years who participated in the National Healt...

There is currently no standard for the minimum anthocyanin concentration a black raspberry dietary supplement must contain for legal sale in the US. All consumer available black raspberry products (n = 19), packaged as dietary supplements or otherwise prepared (freeze-dried whole and pre-ground powders), were purchased and analyzed for their anthocyanin composition and concentration. Seven of t...

Identification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among US adults is needed to help with public health efforts to implement feasible and appropriate dietary recommendations. To determine the food sources of energy and 26 nutrients consumed by US adults the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-h recall (Day 1) dietary intake data from a nationally r...