Student assessment is one of the most fundamental tasks in field AI Education (AIEd). One common approach to student Knowledge Tracing (KT), which evaluates a student's knowledge state by predicting whether will answer given question correctly or not. However, context multiple choice (polytomous) questions, conventional KT approaches are limited that they only consider binary (dichotomous) corr...

In this working paper we demonstrate that some of the statistical tests used by Huang and Smith in a recent Land Economics article (74(2 1998): 186-202) were erroneous, and raise concerns about their corresponding conclusions. Specifically, using data from one of the studies that they showcase, we demonstrate that Huang and Smith’s analysis suggesting statistical equality between hypothetical d...

Prominent scholars engaged in comparative research on democratic regimes are in sharp disagreement over the choice between a dichotomous or graded approach to the distinction between democracy and nondemocracy. This choice is substantively important because it affects the findings of empirical research. It is methodologically important because it raises basic issues, faced by both qualitative a...

A number of issues have been raised in the contingent valuation (CV) literature regarding the ‘validity’ of CV welfare estimates. This study addressed a number of these concerns within a study looking at the value of an air ambulance service in England. The double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) CV approach was used, and data was collected from 800 individuals across England, using a computer...

The mammalian striatum receives its main excitatory input from the two types of cortical pyramidal neurons of layer 5 of the cerebral cortex - those with only intratelencephalic connections (IT-type) and those sending their main axon to the brainstem via the pyramidal tract (PT-type). These two neurons types are present in layer 5 of all cortical regions, and thus they appear to project togethe...

This study used cumulative results to update the distributions from which offer amounts were drawn in a dichotomous choice contingent valuation of user benefits from wilderness canoeing in Ontario’s wilderness parks. An empirical model demonstrates the efficiency gains from using this procedure. Results allow comparison of variation in average daily willingness to pay (WTP) by trip length, indi...

BACKGROUND Complementary health insurance is increasingly used to remedy the limitations and shortcomings of the basic health insurance benefit packages. Hence, it is essential to gather reliable information about the amount of Willingness to Pay (WTP) for health insurance. We assessed the WTP for health insurance in Iran in order to suggest an affordable complementary health insurance. METHO...

This essay develops a new method to diagnose inconsistency in dichotomous choice contingent valuation with follow-up questions: in particular, downward bias in the mean WTP. It is shown that the previous methods aimed to explain this inconsistency in responses have ignored statistical inconsistency: non-perfect correlation between the initial and follow-up responses and thus have provided wrong...

Male choice is much less studied than female choice (Andersson 1994). However, males are expected to exhibit choice over mating partners when females differ in fecundity, the operational sex ratio is female biased or the risk of sperm competition differs between females (Parker 1983; Andersson 1994). Most commonly observed male mating preferences are those that maximize a male’s expected fertil...