Introduction: Digital radiography has a major role in nowadays healthcare system so radiation protection (justification and optimization) is important in this field. Many related organizations to protection suggested to establish national and regional diagnostic reference level for medical procedures. Reference levels are typically set at the 75th percentile of the dose distri...

Abstract Introduction: Children may be at a higher risk of experiencing the detrimental effects ionizing radiation arising from medical imaging. Dose optimisation is therefore recommended to provide assurance that their exposure as low reasonably achievable. To this end, periodic assessment dose levels and establishment Local Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRLs) in facilities necessary. There ge...

background: intraoral radiographs are believed to deliver low doses to patients, thus little work has been done in this regards. considering the increment in the number of patients reporting for the examination and the probability of delayed somatic effects for accumulated low doses of x-irradiation, it is expedient to determine the doses to three critical organs eye, thyroid and parotid that a...

The concept of reference levels has had a long history in diagnostic imaging (1). In general, reference levels provide guidance regarding appropriate or conventional levels of radiation dose to be delivered to patients. In Europe, the concept has origins in the 1950s with x-ray examination surveys in the United Kingdom (2). In the United States, the use of reference levels began with “Nationwid...

Background: Computed Tomography (CT) is main contributor of population dose from diagnostic X-ray examinations. Children are more radiosensitive than adults, thus optimization of CT examination in these patients is essential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dose delivered to pediatric patients’ undergoing CT examination of the common examinations and also establishing local Diag...

Background: Patient radiation doses from computed tomography (CT) are increasing due to the number of CT examinations performed every day. The aim of this study was assess and evaluate patient radiation doses for adult’s common CT examinations to derive local diagnostic guidance levels for common CT examinations. Materials and Methods: Volume and weighted computed tomography dose index (C...