We derive, using the entropy maximum principle, an expression for the distribution function of carriers as a function of a set of macroscopic quantities ~density, velocity, energy, deviatoric stress, heat flux!. Given the distribution function, we can obtain a hydrodynamic model in which all the constitutive functions ~fluxes and collisional productions! are explicitly computed starting from th...

To determine the role of surface tension-driven melt migration in planetary bodies, we investigated the effect of static annealing on the evolution of melt-rich bands in partially molten samples. In shear deformation experiments, deviatoric stress causes melt to segregate; when the stress is removed, surface tension causes the melt to relax back to a homogeneous distribution. Samples composed o...

The residual-based variational multiscale formulation is applied to develop a large eddy simulation (LES) model for compressible flows. In addition, a mixed model, in which a deviatoric Smagorinsky subgrid stress term is added to the RBVM terms to better model the Reynolds stresses is proposed. These models, along with the dynamic Smagorinsky-Yoshizawa-eddy diffusivity model are tested in predi...

We have used scanning white beam x-ray microdiffraction to study microstructural evolution during an in-situ electromigration experiment on a passivated Al(Cu) test line. The data show plastic deformation and grain rotations occurring under the influence of electromigration, seen as broadening, movement, and splitting of reflections diffracted from individual metal grains. We believe this defor...

Discrete particle simulations of granular materials under 2D, isochoric, cyclic pure shear have been performed and are compared to a recently developed constitutive model involving a deviatoric yield stress, dilatant stresses and structural anisotropy. The original model shows the cyclic response qualitatively, but suffers from an artificial drift in pressure. With a small modification in the d...

The full strain and stress tensor determination in a triaxially stressed single crystal using X-ray diffraction requires a series of lattice spacing measurements at different crystal orientations. This can be achieved using a tunable X-ray source. This article reports on a novel experimental procedure for single-shot full strain tensor determination using polychromatic synchrotron radiation wit...

Introduction: Magnetic data gathered by the Galileo spacecraft [1] as well as images of the tectonically active surface [2,3] provide circumstantial evidence that a soft, probably liquid, layer may exist few kilometers to few tens beneath the cold icy surface of Europa. However, the thickness and the thermal state of the icy crust still remain poorly constrained. Uncertainties mainly results fr...