Consequential conditionals are defined as "if P then Q" statements, where P is an action, and Q a predicted outcome of this action, which is either desirable or undesirable to the agent. Experiment 1 shows that desirable (viz. undesirable) outcomes invite an inference to the truth (viz. falsity) of their antecedent. Experiment 2 shows that the more extreme the outcome is, the stronger the invit...

The present study was conducted to investigate the frequency and types of life events experienced by psychiatric outpatients and to compare these with the events experienced by a control sample consisting of their normal relatives. One hundred and sixty-six patients and an equal number of marked controls were studied. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the help of an event list. Res...

OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy, desirable and undesirable effects of locally injectable preparation of botulinum toxin in patients suffering from Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB). METHODS It was a prospective study carried out from October 2006 till November 2012 at a private set up, "Dr Shakaib's Eye Clinic", in Islamabad. Follow up of Seventeen patients of BEB has been done over six ye...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a non-parametric method for efficiency measurement allows decision making units (DMUs) to select the most advantageous weight factors in order to maximize their efficiency scores.  In most practical applications of DEA presented in the literature, the presented models assume that all inputs are fully desirable. However, in many real situations undesirable inpu...

Greater fear arousal is associated with greater engagement with persuasive messages, and negative information and events are more potent than their positive counterparts. Hence loss-framed persuasive appeals, which emphasize the undesirable outcomes of noncompliance with the communicator’s recommendations, should elicit greater message processing than do gain-framed appeals, which emphasize the...

This paper develops slacks-based measure (SBM) and additive SBM (ASBM) to evaluate efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) in a two-stage structure with undesirable outputs and feedback variables from the internal perspective. The SBM model is linearized  for a specific weight and the ASBM model is reformulated as a second order cone program. The target values for all inputs, outputs (both d...