Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a vital upstream integrator of multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, mediates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Investigations targeting TAK1 provide new therapeutic options for chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. However, the role and mechanism of the TAK...

BACKGROUND Autoimmune encephalitis might coexist in patients with autoimmune demyelinating disorders. CASE REPORT We report on a case of a 45-year-old female multiple sclerosis (MS) patient presenting with acute onset short-term memory loss, altered mental status, inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and an MRI lesion on the left temporal lobe. An extensive panel for neuronal autoant...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive autoimmune inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). T cells play a key role in the progression of neuroinflammation in MS and also in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models for the disease. A technology for quantitative and 3 dimensional (3D) spatial assessment of inflammation in this and othe...

Relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) in the SJL mouse is a Th1-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease model for human multiple sclerosis and is characterized by infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by Th1 cells and macrophages. Disease relapses are mediated by T cells specific for endogenous myelin epitopes released during acute disease, reflecting a critic...

1Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital Medical Research Institute, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan 2Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan 3Department of Community Network and Collaborative Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto,...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the CNS that frequently affects brainstem functions. Trigeminal neuralgia occurs in 2.5% of patients with NMOSD; however, the occurrence of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) is rarely reported. Here, we describe a case of NMOSD with anti–aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies who had a relapse with brainstem a...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease that causes relapsing and chronic neurologic impairment. Recent observations have altered certain traditional concepts regarding MS pathogenesis. A greater diversity of cell types and molecules involved in MS is now evident. While remyelination can occur during the early inflammatory phase when damage ma...

OBJECTIVE To determine seroprevalence of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG in childhood CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders. METHODS We analyzed demographic, clinical, and radiologic data in a blinded fashion and assessed serum NMO-IgG status for 87 children: 41 with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 17 with NMO, 13 with monophasic/recurrent optic neuritis (ON), 13 with transve...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Many believe autoimmune pathogenesis plays a key role in MS, but its target(s) remains elusive. A recent study detected autoantibodies against KIR4.1, an ATP-sensitive, inward rectifier potassium channel, in nearly half of the MS patients examined. KIR4.1 channels are expressed in astrocytes. T...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, postinfectious or postvaccineal acute infl ammatory demyelinating disorder of central nervous system (CNS).[1,2] The pathophysiology involves transient autoimmune response directed at myelin or other self-antigens, possibly by molecular mimicry or by nonspecifi c activation of autoreactive T-cell clones.[3] Histologically, ADEM is cha...